A description of a person I had to work with Essay

A description of a person I had to work with - Essay Example He was a very kind person that had innate leadership abilities. He was also a part time professor at a local university. At that job I learn how to be a professional due to the influence George had one me. He would always dedicate some time at work just to talk to me about work related matters, current affairs, and personal advice. Whenever I had any doubts about a work task I always felt the freedom and confident to ask help from George. He was always willing to provide assistance. When one of our co-workers took a vacation George vouched for me to our boss and I receive a special assignment of replacing the co-worker while on vacation. My weekly shift increased from 20 hours to 40 hours for a one month period. My work duties changed during that period. During that time I demonstrated to the manager that I was a capable worker that was a quick learner. I was able to adapt very fast to my new work environment. My paycheck increased by twice the size thanks to George Lucas during that month. I considered George Lucas my mentor, friend, and the best co-worker I had the privilege to work with.

Case Sharp Printing Essay Example for Free

Case Sharp Printing Essay Three years ago the Sharp Printing (SP) strategic management group set a goal of having a color laser printer available for the consumer and small business market for less than $200. A few months later the senior management met off-site to discuss the new product. The results of this meeting were a set of general technical specifications along with major deliverables, a product launch date, and a cost estimate based on prior experience. Shortly afterward, a meeting was arranged for middle management explaining the project goals, major responsibilities, the project start date, and importance of meeting the product launch date within the cost estimate. Members of all departments involved attended the meeting. Excitement was high. Although everyone saw the risks as high, the promised rewards for the company and the personnel were emblazoned in their minds. A few participants questioned the legitimacy of the project duration and cost estimates. A couple of RD people were worried about the technology required to produce the high-quality product for less than $200. But given the excitement of the moment, everyone agreed the project was worth doing and doable. The color laser printer project was to have the highest project priority in the company. Lauren was selected to be the project manager. She had 15 years of experience in printer design and manufacture, which included successful management of several projects related to printers for commercial markets. Since she was one of those uncomfortable with the project cost and time estimates, she felt getting good bottom-up time and cost estimates for the deliverables was her first concern. She quickly had a meeting with the significant stakeholders to create a WBS identifying the work packages and organizational unit responsible for implementing the work packages. Lauren stressed she wanted time and cost estimates from those who would do the work or were the most knowledgeable, if possible. Getting estimates from more than one source was encouraged. Estimates were due in two weeks. The compiled estimates were placed in the WBS/OBS. The corresponding cost estimate seemed to be in error. The cost estimate was $1,250,000 over the senior management estimate; this represents about a 20 percent overrun! The time estimate from the developed project network was only four months over the top management time estimate. Another meeting was scheduled with the significant stakeholders to check the estimates and to brainstorm for alternative solutions; the cost and time estimates appeared to be reasonable. Some of the suggestions for the brainstorming session are listed below.

The Cross Cultural Negotiation Variables

The Cross Cultural Negotiation Variables Weiss (1993) identified twelve variables in the negotiation process which will lead to understanding negotiating style better. Different groups view the purpose and process of negotiation differently. Negotiation may be seen as a conflict in which one side wins and another loses, as a competition to identify who is best or as a collaborative process to formulate some undertaking. The winner of a negotiation in some countries is the one who gains the most concessions, regardless of the value of the concessions. Every group chooses negotiators on the basis of a variety of factors. Negotiators may be selected on the basis of their previous experience, their status, knowledge of a particular subject, or personal attributes. Different groups stress different aspects of the negotiations. Some groups stress substantive issues directly related to the agreement while others stress relationships. Different groups have their own particular etiquette associated with the negotiation process and their adherence to protocol varies according to its perceived importance. Protocol factors that should be considered are gift giving, entertainment, dress codes, seating arrangements, numbers of negotiators, timing of breaks, and planned duration of the process of negotiations. Different groups communicate in different ways and are more comfortable with one or another form of communications. Some groups rely on verbal communications, others on nonverbal. Some groups rely on one method, others mixed. The more varied method of communications, the more complex is the communication context and the more care must be given to understanding the context. Different groups attempt to persuade others and are persuaded by the use of a variety of different types of arguments. Some rely on facts and logical arguments, others on tradition and the way things were done in the past, still others on intuition or emotion and others on the beliefs associated with a particular religion or philosophy. Individuals play different roles in different societies. In some groups, the individual is seen as very important and a particular individuals success or failure can depend on the outcome of the negotiation process. In other groups, individuals are subordinate to the home negotiating party and personal ambitions are contained. Trust is a necessity if groups are going to work together to their mutual benefit and all groups seek to establish trust with the other parties in the negotiation process. Negotiation involves a degree of risk because the final outcome is unknown when the negotiations begin. Different groups view uncertainty and risk as relatively desirable or undesirable. The value of time differs from one group to another. Some people view time as limited and something to be used wisely. Others view time as plentiful and always available, therefore they are more likely to expect negotiations to progress slowly and to be flexible about schedules. Decisions are made differently in different groups. They may be made by individuals or by the group as a whole. Some groups accept the decision of the majority of the group members. Other groups seek consensus among group members and will not make a decision until all member have agreed. In some cultures, written agreements are expected; in others verbal agreements or a handshake is accepted. In some cultures, agreements are detailed and set out as many points as possible. In others, broad general agreements are preferred with details to be worked out as they arise. In some cultures, agreements are expected to be legally binding, in others, there is little faith in legal contracts and much more emphasis is placed on a persons obligation to keep his or her word. Chinese Negotiation Style China is going to be used to demonstrate that culture affects negotiation style. From Tony (2006)s research, there are three main Chinese negotiation styles. The Chinese negotiation styles includes Maoist bureaucrat in learning, Confucian gentleman, and Sun Tzu-like strategist. The Chinese negotiator as a Maoist bureaucrat always follows governments plan when doing business. The negotiator combines business with politics, avoids taking initiatives, shuns responsibility, and fears criticism. The Chinese negotiator is smart and tough because he is trained by Chinese bureaucracy daily in which bargaining is an important element (Davidson, 1987: Frankenstein, 1988; Lieberthal and Oksenberg, 1986; Pye, 1982). Being a Confucian gentleman, the Chinese negotiator behaves refers to the mutual trust and benefit, looking for cooperation and win-win solutions for everyone to succeed. He behaves high value on trust and sincerity on his own part. He analyses contracting essentially as an ongoing relationship or problem-solving process instead of a one-off legal package (Deverage, 1986; Kindel, 1990, Seligman, 1990; Shenkar and Ronen, 1987). He associated business with guanxi, friendship, and trust. His negotiation strategy is characterized by cooperation, basically. As a Sun Tzu-like strategist, the Chinese negotiator think negotiation is a zero-sum game and the marketplace as a battlefield (Chiao, 1981; Chu, 1991; Mun, 1990; Pye, 1982). He sets out to win-lose you, and never stops bargaining. The Chinese negotiator is skilful, provided with a formidable many of Chinese stratagems from his ancestors. Sun Tzu-like strategist adopts apparently soft but essentially tough tactics in negations. His negotiation strategy is characterized by competition. Managerial implications Sending the right team to negotiate in China is extremely important, the status of the team members will directly affect the attitude of Chinese host organization toward your company. Your team leader should be a person with charismatic charm, a patient personality, credibility and sufficient authority to make a key decision. It is crucial importance to show the Chinese the political support and governmental backing behind your China missions when negotiating large industrial high-risk B2B projects in China. The Chinese government is an importance player in business networks (Kock 1995). When embarking on a china venture makes sure you know the real Chinese negotiators. Despite the large Chinese team with many participants, the real Chinese negotiators usually are absent from the negotiation room. By identifying and negotiating with the real Chinese negotiators, you may, as a Chinese proverb stated, Get twice the result with half the effort. The number 8 is adored (whereas the number 4 is disfavoured) in Chinese culture. So try to use design 8 numbered products for China as a metaphor to enunciate the importance of respecting and learning Chinese sociocultural traits. From the perspective of Confucianism, China is a familistic society in which it takes time to build trust between non-family members. The Chinese distrust fast talkers who want to make quick deals (Pye, 1982, p. 92). By being patient, tolerant, calm, persistent, and honest in dealing with the Chinese, you will eventually win the Chinese heart and trust.

Ratio Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Companies strive from day to day to make their business publicly strong, financially strong, and appeasing and profitable for its shareholders. Shareholders as well as the company’s management use several tools to determine a company’s health and direction. These tools are better known as ratio analysis. Ratios are among the more widely used tools of financial analysis because they provide clues to and symptoms of underlying conditions.2 Ratios help measure a company’s liquidity, activity, profitability, leverage and coverage.1 These five measured sections show how ratio analysis is used in decision-making, how a firm can measure its financial situation and financial performance, and the strengths and weaknesses of the company. The term ratio analysis can be broken down into smaller sections. The first is a current ratio which is the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. This ratio shows how well a company’s current liabilities are covered.1 Even though this ratio is used often, it does have its limitations. Since it shows all current assets it does not differentiate among the assets with regard to their degrees of liquidity, show it can show skued results .Another commonly used ratio is the acid-test ratio, also known as the quick ratio. This ratio shows an investor how the short-term liquidity, or how quickly the company’s assets can be turned into cash.2 Inventory turnover is an important and often overlooked ratio that indicates inventory levels. A low turnover...

Hilda Doolittle Outline Essay

Format on â€Å"Heat†. When I first read the poem â€Å"Heat† by H. D. my first impression was it was so short. This poem has three stanzas, consisting of an unequal amount of lines in each. It also uses every day conversation words. My second thought was that it was so simple, almost grade school because of the word choice. Though after learning more about imagists and H.D. I knew this wasn’t the case. To write this poem she painstakingly choose each specific words to use. The poem is choppy and very precise all at the same time. H.D. used the same hard sounding words over and over throughout the poem. The poem style is lyrical because it expresses the thoughts and feelings of H.D.  Style on H. D’s poem â€Å"Heat†. In this poem H.D used direct presentation of picture words/ images. H.D also had a unique ability for writing her poems in cinema form. (She was very interested in the new art of movie making.) This is where her poems made you see a moving picture instead of freezing a moment in time like other imagist poets. This is one of the reasons she was seen as so nontraditional. In the poem â€Å"Heat† H.D personifies the heat, she says that the heat stops the fruit from falling, and it presses up on the blunts and points of pears and rounds the grapes. She made the heat have human-like characteristics. This poem also makes the same hard â€Å"t† sound throughout the poem to make it seem more oppressive. That is an example of consonance while the repeating vowels sounds of heat, used quite a lot is an example of assonance. Content in H. D’s poem â€Å"Heat†. I think what H.D is trying to say in this poem is that sometimes life is hard and unforgiving. It might just seem like things are just to hard and are never going to get better but sometimes they do. Out of nowhere a unexpected cool breeze cuts through the heat and delivers relief. At the end of my research of H.D.’s turbulant life I could see how she put her life experiences into her work. Format on H. D’s poem â€Å"Pear Tree†. This poem is also written in 3 stanzas. There are a couple of more lines than â€Å"Heat† but not a lot. This poem is like her other one in its choppiness and precision. H.D. used her craft well in choosing the exact words in all the right places. When I first read the poem it was difficult for me to see the meaning but through my research I could tell how hard it must have been to find those specific words to convey her lyrical poem. Style on H. D’s poem â€Å"Pear Tree†. In this poem H.D uses alliteration, for example; â€Å" flower-tuffs†, â€Å"bring summer and ripe fruits†. She also uses consonance, â€Å"no flower ever parted silver†, â€Å"From such rare silver†. H.D used assonance in this poem, â€Å"o silver†, â€Å"o white pear†. She even put a simile in this poem, â€Å"higher than my arms reach†. In the poem â€Å"Pear Tree† H.D uses lots of soft sounds and repeated lots of the same vowel sounds. This poem is the opposite of the harshness in â€Å"Heat† . Content in H. D’s poem â€Å"Pear Tree†. In this poem H.D describes the simple beauty of nature. I was finally able to see the moving tree and growing fruit. She also shows how much hope and opportunity there is in life. It takes time and a quiet perseverance to have your effort pay off in an actual product. Whether it is a pear or a work of literature.

Advancements of Dental Science in 1900s Essays

Advancements of Dental Science in 1900s Essays Advancements of Dental Science in 1900s Essay Advancements of Dental Science in 1900s Essay The unparalleled leadership of American Dentistry beginning in the 1920s developed largely because of the improvement and consistent reliability of dental materials brought about by the research programs at the National Bureau of Standards from 1920s until present day. This advancement in dental science was due to the symbiotic private and public sponsorship of research programs by the cooperative research group between the American Dental Association and the National Bureau of Standards. In the oral history interview of George C.  Paffenbarger, D. D. S, he explains his involvement as a researcher and leader in the dental field as well as advancements made due to the work of this research program. Dr. Paffenbarger’s own dedication to purpose and constant endeavor to enhance and expand the science of dental materials is evident in his recollections of programs and events in which he participated. The integration of government regulation in standardizing dental materials was pertinent to the forward growth of the dental field. Dr.  Paffenbarger’s account is informative and perceptive, demonstrating how the emerging vision of â€Å"professionalism† in American dentistry could be accomplished through the advancements of the dental field. The beginnings of government funded dental research begun during World War I when the Army wanted to procure dental amalgam but had no criteria. At the time the National Bureau of Standards was the chief physical laboratory to the government so the Army wrote to them requesting a standard for amalgam in order to put in a bid request in 1919. Separate manufacturers were producing dental materials but due to the lack of authoritative literature in dental materials orders for these products were based on advertised brand names not facts. The National Bureau of Standards contacted Dr. Wilmer Souder, a physicist, whose further research exposed the lack of knowledge about dental materials used in practice. Dr. Paffenbarger’s account of Dr. Souder’s involvement in the dental field demonstrates a clear responsibility in the beginnings of dental research. Even in his closing statements of the interview he stresses how Dr.  Souder’s â€Å"foresight, his determination, and how his energy and scientific experience was applied to the development of this dental research program here at the National Bureau of Standards is truly phenomenal. † After basic research Dr. Souder realized there was a general lethargy of the dental profession and the dental manufacturers and the government. Paffenbarger even recounts Dr. Souder’s story of speaking to a dentist about amalgam material and the response was Well, we have to just say what the manufacturer says. We don’t have any source of information about what we are using here. We don’t have anything equivalent to the U. S. P. on drugs. We don’t have any standards, or any criteria except just trial and error in the patient’s mouth. To do something about this, Dr. Souder wrote to the American Dental Association to see if they would be interested in establishing a research associateship, which the National Bureau of Standards had been able to do after organic law was passed by Congress. This began the relationship with the American Dental Association and National Bureau of Standards. The importance of Dr.  Souder in the emergence of the dental field is a widely accepted notion by historians. In an article written by W. T. Sweeney published by the National Bureau of Standards in 1972, the author gives a report on the most outstanding events, personnel, and accomplishments of the dental research program in honor of the 50th anniversary of the program. It is evident from the beginning in Sweeney’s article when she states, â€Å"the name of Dr. Wilmer Souder is the most outstanding of all the scientific staff because he is responsible for setting the character and ideals of the program. † Her writings parallel that of Paffenbarger as she states it was his realizing of the necessity of cooperative effort between dental profession, manufacturers, and general public as represented by the government. Sweeney’s article also states how the original request from the War Department to the National Bureau of Standards in 1919 initiated the changing of the dental field by exposing the lack of standardized practices. This article goes into further detail of how Souder obtained numerical evaluations by measurement and delineated his procedure so his results could be repeated and checked. This practice gave a new point of view to the dental field materials. In both Paffenbarger and Sweeney’s account, Souder realized that the dental field needed much further investigating and an important field to do research in, especially from a health standpoint. This led to the first expansion of the dental field by the addition of research associates to the group. The first request from the National Bureau of Standards to the American Dental Association was denied, stating that the American Dental Association was not interested. Paffenbarger explains how Dr. Souder decided to wait to re-contact the association for about two years. During this time he set up to find other sponsors for research associateship. Sweeney’s article agrees with Paffenbarger’s account of the support by the Weinstein Research Laboratory. Their research focused on measurements of properties of gold alloys and standardized precision casting. In having hard-fast results that could be repeated, Sweeney states how this is an example of the cooperative effort producing scientific results. This original success was published and introduced dental science to the field of research and even convinced the American Dental Association to join forces. In Paffenbarger’s account he stresses the importance of this event to the formation of cooperative research, but in Sweeney’s article he divulges into how their reports â€Å"justify Souder’s prediction that well trained chemists could determine accurately the composition of dental allows. † Sweeney’s emphasis on education and analyses of trade brand materials further opens up to the new field of standardized dental materials. As the interest in dental materials grew the American Dental Association joined the National Bureau of Standards in 1928. One of the main issues discussed by Paffenbarger was the lack of dentists involved in research. The group had physicist, chemists, and many other scientists, but not a dentist. In order to keep the research headed in the direction of dentistry Dr. Paffenbarger was elected chief of the American Dental Association group. The addition of Dr. Paffenbarger to the joined research unit is seen as a turning point in dental research. In his oral account Paffenbarger states how his scientific understanding of the tooth as an organ with no blood supply allowed for researchers to gain interest in dental materials that would enable them to restore tooth function. Multiple times in Paffenbarger’s account he mentions the insistence from his advisors and teachers of the necessity of a dentist at the head of research. This fact is further supported in an article James L. Gutmann, DDS, who states that as the unit’s lead scientist, Dr. Paffenbarger guided research toward unparalleled advancements in developing standards to ensuring that products  perform predictably, safely and effectively. The emergence of American dentistry’s professional image occurred with Paffenbarger at the head of research. In the second chapter of Stine Grumsen’s dissertation on the critical history of American dentistry, she discusses the struggle of authority and recognition by dentists. Unlike most professions â€Å"American dentistry did not evolve from a trade to a professions emancipated from trade, but rather, that business was a prerequisite of professional success. † She agrees it was not until Dr. Paffenbarger was placed at the head of research that the dental professional image emerged. It was through his guidance and teaching that dental research took off correct direction. With Dr. Paffenbarger at the head of research one of their first priorities was to have a list of certified materials. In order to have a certified list the American Dental Association tested for â€Å"specification formulation† to find a average consistency between the groups of cooperative dentists of their measurements and techniques. Paffenbarger and the research unit believe that by standardizing materials and techniques information can be obtained in any laboratory office. To begin this the American Dental Association cooperated with the Dental Materials Group of the International Association for Dental Research, which eventually phased into the American National Standards Institute. Paffenbarger states how this was a unique situation in how the Bureau of Standards allows testing of commercial materials in their facilities. The merging of public and private enterprises to test commercial materials was discussed in Sweeney’s article as an arrangement that â€Å"made for a much broader base of operation and the liaison has proven most profitable to all concerned. † By combining government-based programs with private associations the American Dental Association was able to set up the standards in materials and techniques used and publicize results of research. This is important in the advancement of dentistry because as Paffenbarger discusses, previously dentists were easily swayed by false advertisements made by manufacturers and without any standardize testing of the material they were unsure which product actually worked. As well, results of research were now useful to the general dentist and the public due to the general settings applied to future research. The initial testing of dental materials was actively opposed by manufacturers. In Paffenbarger’s account he discusses how the president of Kerr Dental Manufacturing Company, Robert Kerr, believed that the work at the Bureau was interfering with commercial advances and manufacturers. He claimed the research had only included a few of the dental manufacturers, which was disrupting trade. Dr. Paffenbarger however continues on to state that the standards and specifications that led to the certification programs of dental material was the subject of real objection. Previously, due to lack of standardized research dentists knew little about the materials they were using and were dependent entirely upon the manufacturers’ advertising. Manufacturers wanted the ability to state that their product was the best or denounce that somebody else’s material would meet the specification. This previous control of dental advertising by manufacturers was discussed as an â€Å"erosion of dentists’ exclusive rights to authority on dental care† in Stine Grumsen’s dissertation. Paffenbarger and Grumsen both agree that the lack of dental knowledge by the actual dentists led to the increased funding from the Federal Government and from the Association. It was this control of the manufacturers of the dental field that led to increased financial support of public and private associations to aid in research of dental materials. With full support of the government manufacturers lost the ability to be the ultimate source of information, which actually led to manufacturers wanting to work hand-in-hand with researchers so they could be part of test methods and evaluation systems being involved rather than being left behind. Paffenbarger states how this led to the cooperation of the International Association of Dental Research, which turned into a committee under the American National Standards Institute. In the close involvement of manufacturers and researchers they worked together for the same goals of dental advancement. It was this unity that helped progress forward rather than the constant struggle seen earlier with manufacturers. The success of this program is seen in the domination of the American National Standards Institute as the â€Å"voice of the U. S. standards and conformity assessment system† still seen today. The intimate cooperating of manufacturer and government association led to the growth and successfulness of the American National Standards Institute. Now the institution oversees the â€Å"creation, promulgation and use of thousands of norms and guidelines that directly impact businesses in nearly every sector. † This coming together of different sponsorships was for one main purpose, to transfer information to the dentist and therefore the patients. In order to get information out to practicing dentists Paffenbarger discuses the importance of publishing research work in scientific journals such as Journal of the American Dental Association and Journal of Dental Research which were created beginning 1913. In these publications they included what method should be used by the dentist in handling materials so that â€Å"one would develop the best values for physical and chemical properties in the materials. † Publications of dental journals were not restricted to the standardizing of practices, but also helped regulate fraud. They exposed false advertisements through the publication of the report and results. If a manufacturers advertised new developments researchers take action by testing and publishing their findings in order to keep American dentists away from false information. The importance of the development of scientific journals is agreed upon by many scientists and historians to have a significant influence on the advancement of dental science. In James Gutmann’s 2009 article, â€Å"The evolution of America’s scientific advancements in dentistry in the past 150 years,† he states how publications of journals such as those used by Paffenbarger and his researchers were â€Å"devoted to the advancement and dissemination of knowledge pertaining to the mouth and teeth, and to their relation to the body as whole. † This is further accepted in Alyssa Picards’s book, Making the American Mouth, where anything from reports of new materials to expectation of office behavior was described in the major national journals. She specifically points out how these journals militated â€Å"broader professional engagement† in a time where the idea of professionalism enticed dentists. She even gives the example of professional journals in the 1960s urging dentist to become spokespersons for water fluoridation. Bruce Lee Pihlstrom and Michael Glick (2013) further impress the importance of scientific journals to dental advancements in playing a central role in the communication between dentists and dissemination of new information. Journals allowed dentists to be at the forefront of their field, keeping them up to date as well as their patients. Pihlstrom and Glick show that since the publications of scientific journals life expectancies have risen from 50 to 75, as well as a decline in diseases such as tuberculosis. This positive correlation of better health conditions associated with the publication of journals suggest the information being passed in the journals is used by the readers to better their lives. American Dentistry boomed in the 1920s because of the improvement and consistent reliability of dental materials brought about by research programs at the National Bureau of Standards. Dr. George C.  Paffenbarger gives us an accurate and perceptive account of the symbiotic relationship formed between private and public sponsorships that helped further dental advancements. Through associations such as American Dental Association and the National Bureau of Standards standardizing dental materials and procedures was accomplished. Dr. Paffenbarger was at the forefront of American Dentistry and his account of the advancements of dentistry accurately reflects historian’s data. Annotated Bibliography American National Standards Institute, â€Å"Historical Overview,† 20 January 2013, ansi. org/about_ansi/introduction/history (5 April 2013). This website was used to gain information on the current American National Standards Institute. I was unable to find a secondary source that attested to ANSI and the advancements in the dental field, so instead I used this website to show the continued success of the American National Standards Institute. Grumsen, Stine S. Casting for Good Will: Profession, Trade and Identity in American Dentistry, C. 1910-1950 (Denmark: Department of Culture and Society, 2012), 1-147. In this dissertation by Stine Grumsen she examines the history of American dentistry through the study of advertisements. This article is great because of the correlation between public knowledge of dentistry through the examination of dental advertisements. She suggests that advertisements have increased the struggle of dentists to be recognized as an authority. This article continues into the use of journals to debate false claims made by advertisers that could be tested and publicized. Gutmann, J. L. â€Å"The evolution of America’s scientific advancements in dentistry in the past 150 years,† Journal of the American Dental Association 140 (September 2009): 15. Gutman’s article was useful in that it gave a brief overview of major advances in dentistry during the past 150 years. This article goes into four major events that had a significant effect on bringing science to dentistry, but I only focused on the formation of scientific journals and the role of Dr. Paffenbarger in the dental field advancements. Paffenberger, George C. Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 1-136. In Dr. Paffenbarger’s primary account of the advancement in dental field, he gives the reader an entire overview of his life. This includes how he got involved in the dental field at an early age shadowing his father. His interest in dentistry sparked because of this and he continued to study the science of dental medicine. As an enthusiastic student he went on to become one of the fore runners of research at the American Dental Association. He headed the research of hundreds of experiments, as well as traveled the world to gain more knowledge and to teach all he could. Paffenbarger accounts how the dental field continued to advance due to the involvement of private and public sponsorships such as the government and Associations. He discusses all aspects of the research field in the early 1920s. This includes the dynamic relationship with manufacturers, the use of scientific journals to spread the word of recent research, as well as new organizations formed to further the dental advancements. Picard, A. Making the American Mouth: Dentists and Public Health in the Twentieth Century (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 1-241. In her first chapter Picard divulges into the past and present of the dental field. I used this article for more information from the academic journals. Here she discusses not only the use of journals to inform, but how journals actively sought out dentists to fight for the cause! Pihlstrom, Bruce L, and Michael Glick, â€Å"A century of progress: The Journal of the American Dentistry Association celebrate its centennial. † Journal of the American Dental Association 144 (January 2013): 14. This article was used for the data associated with the Journal of the American Dental Association. Since its founding nearly 100 years ago many health conditions have bettered because of the publications of journals. This is because the journals can inform the doctor and the patient about ways to keep healthy and avoid contamination by bacteria or virus. Sweeney, W. T. â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 7-11. This article divulges into dental research at the National Bureau of Standards. It was initiated in 1919 with the work of dental amalgams. The following year research associates from Weinstein Research Laboratory was added to the NBS staff, which was followed by that of the American Dental Association. Sweeney goes into the importance of the cooperative program with the American Dental Association and its impact on dentistry. [ 1 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 137. [ 2 ]. Ibid, 20. [ 3 ]. Ibid, 16. [ 4 ]. W. T. Sweeney, â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 7. [ 5 ]. Ibid. [ 6 ]. Paffenberger, George C. Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 15. Sweeney, W. T. â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 7-11. [ 7 ]. W. T. Sweeney, â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 8. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 16. [ 8 ]. W. T. Sweeney, â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 8. [ 9 ]. Sweeney, W. T. â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 8. [ 10 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 11. [ 11 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 6, 9, 19. [ 12 ]. James L. Gutmann, â€Å"The evolution of America’s scientific advancements in dentistry in the past 150 years,† Journal of the American Dental Association 140 (September 2009): 10. [ 13 ]. Stine S. Grumsen, Casting for Good Will: Profession, Trade and Identity in American Dentistry, C. 1910-1950 (Denmak: Department of Culture and Society, 2012), 13. [ 14 ]. Ibid, 11. [ 15 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 20-24. [ 16 ]. W. T. Sweeney, â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 8. [ 17 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 24. [ 18 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 32. [ 19 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 32-36. Stine S. Grumsen, Casting for Good Will: Profession, Trade and Identity in American Dentistry, C. 1910-1950 (Denmak: Department of Culture and Society, 2012), 15. [ 20 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 32. [ 21 ]. American National Standards Institute, â€Å"Historical Overview,† 20 January 2013, ansi. org/about_ansi/introduction/history (5 April 2013). [ 22 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 34. [ 23 ]. Ibid, 37. [ 24 ]. James L. Gutmann, â€Å"The evolution of America’s scientific advancements in dentistry in the past 150 years,† Journal of the American Dental Association 140 (September 2009): 11. [ 25 ]. Alyssa Picard, Making the American Mouth: Dentists and Public Health in the Twentieth Century (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 8 [ 26 ]. Bruce L. Pihlstrom and Michael Glick, â€Å"A century of progress: The Journal of the American Dentistry Association celebrate its centennial. † Journal of the American Dental Association 144 (January 2013): 14.