Inclusion Is An Understanding Of Terms Dealing With Inclusion

Inclusion remains a controversial concept in education because it relates to educational and social values, as well as to our sense of individual worth. In order to discuss the concept of inclusion, it is first necessary to have an understanding of terms dealing with inclusion. Inclusion is a term which articulates obligation to educate each child, to the maximum level appropriate, in the institution and classroom the students would otherwise attend. It includes bringing the support services to the student rather than moving the student to the services and entails only that the student will value from being in the classroom rather than having to keep up with the other students. Supporters of inclusion normally favor original forms of†¦show more content†¦Munford 2 In addition to problems related to definition, it also should be understood that there often is a theoretical or conceptual distinction created between mainstreaming and inclusion. Those who support the idea of mainstreaming believe that a student with disabilities first have its place in the special education environment and that the student must earn their way into the general education environment. In contrast, those who support inclusion believe that the student always should originate in the general environment and be removed only when proper services cannot be provided in the general classroom. When inclusion began many educators were doubtful of the new plan for disabled students. Instructors linger to dispute and determine the preeminent ways to teach students with disabilities. As more students with bodily, scholarly, responsive, and other impairments learn together with general students, educators continue to learn how to contain these unique students in their classroom. The encounters, and assistances of inclusion remain to develop for educators, students with disabilities, and their general non-disabled students. Nevertheless, approximately everyone reach agreement that education for students with disabilities has enhanced significantly. The legal history indicates how much growth has been made in educating students with disabilities in the United States. It also show how much more is needed. Reasons for implementation of inclusion

Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 1343 Words

In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen uses satire to prove how all relationships should be filled with love, happiness, and understanding, despite the universal views of social standings determining an individual’s likeness. Once the two main characters: Fitzwilliam Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet first meet at the Meryton Ball, Austen struggles to find a mutual interest between the two, due to their contradicting outlooks on societies. Mr. Darcy, who is in the upper class, views all lower class citizens to be beneath him and his standards, unlike Elizabeth, who in the middle class, relies heavily on first impressions and accepts everyone with a respectful demeanor. As Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet progress in their relationship though, their stubborn personalities begin to fade, creating a new and refreshing outlook on their family, friends, and each other. Elizabeth Bennet is a member of the upper middle class who resides in Longbourn, along with her four sisters and he r parents. At first, Mr. Darcy disliked the Bennet family, not only because of their monetary inferiority, but also because of their abrupt and classless behavior in public. For example, during dinner at the Netherfield Ball, Mrs. Bennet immediately brags about the connection between her eldest daughter, Jane, and Mr. Bingley, Mr. Darcy’s friend , stating how a marriage would be approaching, even though Jane and Mr. Bingley had just met. Furthermore, Mrs. Bennet goes on to say how it is â€Å"such aShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1294 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen s exceptional novel Pride and Prejudice has been depicted as a classic that is as much a social study on class, marriage and gender as it is a romantic tale. It is an amusing representation of the social atmosphere of the late eighteenth and mid nineteenth century England, and it is primarily required with courtship rituals of the English high class. The novel is more than a romantic tale, howe ver through Austen s subtle, and ironic style, it addresses gender, class, and marriageRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial stability. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen states that the desire for better social connections interferes with the workings of love through the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth to criticize the social class structure of the 19th century. Anxieties about social connections or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love. Darcy and Elizabeth s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Jane Austen views love as something independentRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice992 Words   |  4 Pages It is unfortunate that many people tend to dismiss Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, as simply a romantic love story, even labeling it a â€Å"chick flick.† Upon a shallow reading, it may appear to be such, but a closer look at the novel reveals so much more embedded in the story. In addition to describing the entertaining relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, the novel serves to forward Austen s personal values and ideas. Furthermore, there is one issue of her era that she particularlyRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1138 Words   |  5 PagesPride and Prejudice is a novel about the superficiality of marriage during the late 19th and early 20th century, which largely influenced the decisions made by individuals, based on connections and social rankings. The novel takes its characters through various changes influenced by their decision to or rather not to marry certain individuals. It begins not by a man desiring to marry for love, but by a mother who desires nothing more than to marry her daughters well. As the novel develops, Jane AustenRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1678 Words   |  7 PagesAfter reading Jane Austen’s most popular piece of work, the effects of the high societal expectations can be acknowledged through viewing the lives of the Bennet family and friends and noting such effects. Through the examination of the characters in Pride and Prejudice it is easily deciphered between marriages based upon true love and marriage based upon the expectations of society. Society’s main goal for woman in the Victorian era was marriage. As seen many in Pride and Prejudice, marriage wasRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1211 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was greatly influenced by the time period in which it was written, This novel follows the story of Elizabeth Bennet and her sisters as they are faced with marriage proposals. The marriage and roles of women in this time period are shown throughout this story. During the time Austen was writing this novel, a woman’s role for her family changed. Daughters started to become a way for their family to achieve more money. Because their family depended on this financialRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1675 Words   |  7 PagesIn Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, she has specific criteria that her characters follow when choosing their mates. In today’s society, most couples still follow these criteria and more when choosing their id eal mate. What are these important criteria that Austen’s characters consider when choosing a mate? For Austen, the important criteria that she has for choosing a mate are that couples are personally compatible, they are in love with each other, and they must have a good moral character. Read MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1434 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was considered a radical novel back in 1813 when she wrote and published the piece. It is a social commentary on the treatment and societal standards of women, as well marriage expectations at the turn of the 19th century. Austen criticizes the patriarchal society, materialism, double standards of men and women by centering the book around Elizabeth Bennett, a young woman of decent means who does not understand the reason for the pressure to find a suitable husbandRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1468 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished over time. In Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet is the main character who is a lady in the Regency Era. Elizabeth lives in Longbourn with her parents, Mr and Mrs Bennet and her four sisters. In the beginning of the novel, Elizabeth s prejudice mindset and strong opinion blinds her from realizations happening arou nd her. Soon, Elizabeth s prejudice disappears allowing her to open up and fall in love. Throughout Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth growsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen is pre-occupied with the theme of marriage. Marriage is a central issue of a woman’s life but it was even more crucial for the women of her society where women were largely dependent on the men in their lives. As a result, women pursued socio-economic stability through marriage. However, it is clear through the novel that Austen did not agree with this part of her society. In Pride and Prejudice, she gives preference to a marriage which is based on love

Reflection on Law Enforcement and Advancement of Policing Free Essays

The police system in today’s society and back during the seventeenth century both have the same agenda which is enforcing the law and keeping the peace amongst the people and the city, state or town. Although the two different time frames adopted the same mission they also demonstrated police corruption. The differences between modern day policing and the police system back in history is that, in today’s society they have access to better transportation, outlets for communication, better technology, and different divisions of the police force that specializes in specific crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Law Enforcement and Advancement of Policing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the early seventeenth and eighteenth century the police system usually consisted of rangers, sheriffs, deputies. The sheriff offices back then had limited effectiveness in crime prevention and controlling those that broke the law. As stated in the text â€Å"the sheriff’s responsibility was for conduct of civil processes, administration of the county jails, and in some cases the collection of taxes† (Inciardi. , 2010, p. 158). Whereas in modern day society there are so many divisions that specialize in a certain police force such as, SWATS, Tactical Units, Specialized Police Units, Homicide Detectives, Web Police and others. With all the advancement in a new era of technology it is much easier to detect criminals while maintaining some form of control throughout the city and or town. I’ve never had an encounter with any police, but I’ve seen how they treat others and how they target and even profile certain ethnicities. Many times the law enforcement will turn the other cheek when crime is being committed depending on ethnicity. Now days many police officers utilize force to get a handle on situations and sometimes take their forcefulness too far. In maintaining peace the police have rules that they must follow that will not go against citizen’s rights. Law enforcement have evolved from the way crimes and criminals were handled many years ago, and I think that in some circumstances the police approach in controlling order is designed to protect civilians but can also contradict some rights that civilians have. How to cite Reflection on Law Enforcement and Advancement of Policing, Essay examples

Tribute To Mom free essay sample

Throughout my whole life, there’s always been one person who’s always been able to influence my life, and help to mend the goals that I have wanted to do throughout my entire life. Literally everything that I’ve ever wanted to be, she’s supported. From the obvious thing most girls wanted to be, a princess, to crazy things such as a tiger trainer, she’s always supported me in what I wanted to do in my life time. She always said, as long as I’m doing what I love to do, and then I should pursue a future in the career I decided I wanted to be, which sometimes changed every other week as I was growing up. This amazing, supporting, loving, and encouraging woman, well, she was my mother. She was one of the strongest women I’ve ever known throughout my life so far, even though I’m pretty sure she’ll always be the strongest person in my life. We will write a custom essay sample on Tribute To Mom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 2004, she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer, and that made everything extremely difficult to deal with. At school, it was super hard to concentrate and I was always thinking of my future, but not what I was going to do with it, or how it would be. I was worried that I would lose the one person who had, and always would, support me with what I wanted to do in life. Fortunately, she was able to pull through what we thought was going to be the hardest part. After that my mother and I became closer than we had ever been before in our life. She hadn’t changed one bit from the supportive mom she was, even though she was battling for her own life, she was more worried with what I wanted to do in my life. My mom and I had a passion for baking, we would bake all day, every day if we could, as well as a few of my friends that would come over and help us with our baking. Mostly, the baking that involved more than just my mom and I was around Christmas time, when they knew they would get the goodies in a bag to go home. Around the time, a couple of my friends, my mom, and myself, came up with this crazy idea of opening a bakery with my mom as the head baker and I’d deal with all the management stuff, and of course my friends would help out wherever they felt comfortable with. Amazingly, I had finally decided what I wanted to do with my life. As the years went on, she taught me some of the little things that I would need to know to try and run a business and the things I would most likely want to study while I was in college and while I was in school the subjects that I should try to succeed in just a little bit more while I was in high school. She was always willing to help me with my schooling whenever I needed help, even though she was going through her treatment at the same time. Throughout the next couple of years, she continued to help me through school as much as she could, but sadly after three years of fighting her own battle, she wasn’t a ble to win and lost her life. After that, I thought I wouldn’t be able to do what I wanted in life because I didn’t have my rock and my major support there anymore to help me with the things I always went to in life. At that point, I just gave up on my goals in life. I just kind of figured I would do whatever came my way. School just didn’t seem to matter and neither did anything else. Within the last year, and it’s almost been five years since my mom has passed away, I’ve realizes that my mom would still want me to do what I wanted to do. She wouldn’t want to me just stop my life, and give up on the goals that I had, and the dreams I wanted to do with my life, just because she wasn’t here anymore. Once that reality had set in, I realized I needed to straighten up and start making her proud again. That is one on the major reasons that I want to pursue my career with a major in business administration. By furthering my education, I wil l be able to do what I always planned on doing, and that way, I’m still able to make her as proud as she can be.

Globalisation, Social Policy and Social Provision

Cancer In Malaysia

Cancer In Malaysia 30% of all cancers in the world, such as lung, nose, mouth, throat and bladder cancer and even brain damage is caused by Smoking!!!Smoking is hazardous. However, still many people get hook on it and the number is increasing. Once you get addicted, it will be hard to get rid of it. People are aware of the consequences yet there are so many lables of cigarettes available in the market. Some smokers believe that smoking help to relieve stress and pressure. The fact is that it is destroying our health.Cigarettes or cigars mostly made from tobacco are leaves, contained tar and nicotine, which will slowly attack our organs. Smoking cause 30% of all cancers in the world, such as lung, nose, mouth, throat and bladder cancer and even brain damage. An innocent second hand smoker, for example, a pregnant wife, inhale smokes when the husband is smoking, it will increase the risk to diseases and affect the baby in the womb which will may even be fatal.Smoking Kills-hyOther than that, a smoker wil l have yellowish teeth and bad breadth. Our health will slowly go downstream.In Malaysia, the typical smoker spend about RM 700 a year on cigarettes, where by it can be used for other purposes, such as saving. A lower income man might not be able to afford to spend this extra expenditure. It will be worst if ha has been diagnosed to have one of the illness caused by smoking, more money would be needed for medical expenses. Also, it will be a bad example to smoke in front of the children too.Everyday there are people who are dying of smoking. At the same time, there are people who are taking up this habit. Though, the government has included the awareness in...

Why I Want to Study Msc in Finance and Investment and How I Feel I Can Essay

Why I Want to Study Msc in Finance and Investment and How I Feel I Can Contribute to the Course - Essay Example I attribute this to the environment I grew in where most people were business people who had invested in different sectors of the economy. I undertook the course of Finance and Investment during my undergraduate programme and I would like to get a deeper understanding of the field. This would be possible through a MSC undertaking in the course. I want to gain the necessary skills and knowledge needed in the sphere in order for me to have first hand information when approaching investment situations. The understanding that I inherently have in issues of investment and finance also plays one of the most significant roles in my choice of pursuance of the MSC course in Finance and investment. Among my understanding is the appreciation that money which is invested wisely will generate more money, thus, boosting a country’s economy (John, 2006, p. 58). In the contemporary society, entrepreneurship is the only way of building a country’s economy since job opportunities are min imal. Due to this, it is very important for one to understand how to identify opportunities and strategize appropriately on how to use the available resources to generate more money. In this regard I will play a role in boosting the economy. MSc in finance and investment will enable me to understand behavioral finance.

Dracula Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dracula - Essay Example In Gothic text, the fight between the forces of good and bad often dominates the intrigue. (Craft 1984) In Dracula, that conflict is principally based on the fate of its female characters, Lucy and Mina. Neither Mina nor Lucy is an intense character. Both symbolize the Victorian models of female desirable qualities. The two types of women portrayed in the novel are in stark contrast to each other: Lucy and Mina symbolize purity and goodness, while the three brides of Dracula in the castle characterize sleaze and sin. Dracula intimidates womanly good features, as the seductive voluptuous sisters confirm his knack to change the women into passionately sex demanding â€Å"devils of the Pit.† By the time Dracula reaches England and starts working his evil magic on Lucy, one understands that the imminent battle between the good and the bad will center on feminine sexuality. Both Lucy and Mina appear to be bookish versions of old times virtues personified. The two women are faithful, pure and untouched by the world’s evils, and are totally dedicated to their men. However, Dracula tries to transform the two women and reverse their natures by turning them into voluptuous women having unapologetically open sexual desires. Both Lucy and Mina encounter Dracula and experience such transformation. However Lucy falls most dreadfully under Dracula’s spell. Even though Lucy’s letters acknowledge the male fantasy of supremacy: Her letters also disclose that she fantasized sexually active life unlike most women of Victorian era. She is not just a ‘desired’ woman who gets three marriage proposals on the same day but also the one who desires more sex in her life. Lucy writes: Although she immediately retracts from such words but that appears normal on her part since sex was considered ‘dirty’ during those time. She had the desires to experience life outside the restrictions of conservative morality. Dracula’s depiction of women makes the story

Some HR managers assume that money is the most effective reward Essay

Some HR managers assume that money is the most effective reward strategy for increasing the motivation and productivity of all their employees. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement - Essay Example The companies must be offering their employees a positive reward experience and include them in the growth process of the company to be in a win-win situation. The reward structures may be monetary or may be intrinsic. The monetary rewards are one of the most important parts of the reward structure. Assigning values to each employee is one of the most significant jobs of the HR department. The company determines an employee’s value primarily by three ways- according to the skills, performance and their relative value in the job market. The companies have to fix the basic pay of labor and assign the suitable person for the profession. The base pay should compensate the individual with the ongoing value and incentives may be offered as rewards for their performance. (Zingheim & Schuster, March, 2000; Optimizing reward spend, n.d.). In addition to the monetary benefits, the employees look for other benefits from the company. The benefits may range from training & development of e mployees to offering good working conditions. These benefits have acquired importance in the modern business parlance with more and more individuals looking for other benefits than just the payment rewards. The reward structure of a company to a large extent depends upon the corporate goals of the companies. (Reward Strategy, n.d.) The paper presents a debate upon the type of reward strategies of the companies to motivate their employees and concludes upon the most effective one. In this modern era, money alone is not the motivating factor and non-monetary benefits are equally important. In fact, it can be said that non-monetary benefits is the most important strategy followed by companies to motivate their employees. Giving rewards to the employees has assumed great importance because companies all over the world have understood that the employees are the reason for their existence. The reward structure of the company is primarily dominated

The various leadership styles and theories

The various leadership styles and theories The various leadership styles and theories 1. Introduction: This study focuses on the various leadership styles and theories developed over the years. In this report, an attempt has been made to study the leadership style of Willie Walsh, CEO of British Airways. The analysis highlights a number of limitations in his leadership and hence there is scope for improvement. Companys success is purely based on the type of leadership it acquires. A good leader leads its organization towards it mission with this leadership skills and thinking power. According to Kouzes and Posner (2003), leadership is a reciprocal process between those who aspire to lead and those who choose to follow. They talk about the leader possessing the following ten commitments. (Kouzes and posner, 2003, p no.22) 1. Find your voice by clarifying your personal values. 2. Set the example by aligning actions with shared values 3. Envision the future by imagining exciting and ennobling possibilities 4. Enlist others in a common vision by appealing to shared aspirations 5. Search for opportunities by seeking innovative ways to change, grow and improve 6. Experiment and take risks by constantly generating small wins and learning from mistakes 7. Foster collaboration by promoting cooperative goals and building trust 8. Strengthen others by sharing power and discretion 9. Recognize contribution by showing appreciation for individual excellence 10. Celebrate the values and victories by creating a spirit of community. (Kouzes and posner, 2003, p no.22) British Airways: British Airways is the flag raising carrier airline of the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are located in Waterside near London Heathrow Airport and London Gatwick airport. BA is the largest airline in the UK based on the number of international flights, international destinations covered and the fleet size. BA celebrated its 90th anniversary on 25 August 2009 (1, www.britishairways.com, 2nd Dec 2009). Currently, the company is facing the toughest time in the history. BA is currently facing severe financial crises since inception and putting its best effort to overcome from this situation. Willie Walsh: Willie Walsh is currently the CEO of British Airways. He succeeded Rod Eddington in May 2005 as Chief Executive Designated. He also holds a number of positions on Honorary Board Member of Flight Safety International, President of the Heathrow Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society, an honorary Member of The Aviation Club and a Member of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (UK). (2, www.bashares.com, 2nd Dec 2009) Willie Walsh started as a pilot trainee at the age of 17 with Aer Lingus in 1979. He earned his degree from Dublins Trinity College in Business Administration. He was promoted from the position of cadet to captain, and eventually turned himself to don a business suit by turning around the airlines troubled Spanish charter operation, Futura. He was elected as Aer Lingus chief operating officer in 2000 and then became CEO the year after (4, www.businessweek.com, 2nd Dec 2009). When Aer Lingus was making huge losses in 2000, Willie Walsh returned as the CEO of the company. He took a number of decisions which not only brought company back to profit but also establish as a leading airline company standing with rivals such as Raynair and Easyjet. But soon after his departure, the company again went down. 2. Business Context: British airways was started on 25th August 1919 with the forerunner company named Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited (ATT), and launched a worlds first daily international scheduled air service between London and Paris. British Airways went through a long time of reformation and finally a group was formed in 1974 named as British Airways (4, www.britishairways.com, 05 Dec 2009). Willie Walsh joined BA in Oct 2005 and company made good profits under him. However, BA was reported as having lost most luggages as compared to the other European airlines in the same year. In 2007, BA was involved in the fuel surcharge price fixing and BA was fined  £270 million for the same. As a result, BAs image took a beating but in spite of this, BA saw profit of  £875 million and achieved the long held goal of a 10% operating margin in 2008. He was offered a bonus for the same which he publically rejected. In the current financial year, BA has reported loss of  £358 millions. The graph shows the performance of BAs under Willie Walsh leadership (British Airways Annual reports, 2004-2009). Currently BA is facing toughest time in the aviation history and being the CEO of the company, Willie is expected to lead the company out of this current situation as he had successfully done at Aer Lingus. 3. Literature Review: Due to high rivalry in business, it is necessary for the companies to have effective leaders which can lead the organization successfully. There are various leadership theories which are developed over the years by different researchers. These theories are Contingency theory, Great Man theory, Trait theory and Michigan theory, Transformational and Transactional Theory. An attempt has been made to explain these theories. Contingency Theory: This theory states that there is no best and ideal way to lead the organization since one best leading style is some time not effective in other situation. This theory is similar as the situational theory. Leadership effectiveness is dependent on the leaders diagnosis and understanding of situational factors, followed by the adoption of the appropriate style to deal with each circumstance. (Ogbonna and Lloyd, 2000, p.767). Only difference is that view of contingency theory is much broader however, situational theory focus more on the behaviour that leader should adopt. The leaders ability to lead does depend upon various situational factors and leader should adapt to the situation according to the organizational environment. Trait Theory: This theory states that some people are born with traits and have certain innate qualities which differentiate them from other non-leaders. This theory is identified by Stogdill in 1974 and he identified traits and skills as to critical leaders. According to (Stogdill, 1974), these qualities are perfectly suited for leadership. Following are the traits and skills identified by Stogdill. Adaptable to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement-orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant (desire to influence others) Energetic (high activity level) Persistent Self-confident Tolerant of stress Willing to assume responsibility Clever (intelligent) Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organised (administrative ability) Persuasive Socially skilled source: Stogdill (1974) McCall and Lombardo (1983) have researched on both success and failure and have found following four primary traits for success or derail of leaders: Emotional stability and composure: Calm, confident and predictable, particularly when under stress McCall and Lombardo (1983) Admitting error: Owning up to mistakes, rather than putting energy into covering up McCall and Lombardo (1983). Good interpersonal skills: Able to communicate and persuade others without resort to negative or coercive tactics McCall and Lombardo (1983). Intellectual breadth: Able to understand a wide range of areas, rather than having a narrow (and narrow-minded) area of expertise McCall and Lombardo (1983). Great man Theory: Great man theory describes that the leaders are not made, they are born. It states that the leader will arise when there is need of them. The examples of the same are people like Jesus, Moses, Mohammed and the Buddha who had ability and charisma to motivate the people. They are adopted by the people without any interruption. These types of leaders are already having the power of being motivational and they know how to lead people. Michigan Theory: According to Michigan studies conducted in 1950 in Michigan University, Leaders could be divided in to three types: (1) Task oriented behaviour (2) Relationship Oriented Behaviour and (3) Participative Behaviour. Task oriented behaviour- In this category; leaders concentrated more on arranging, dividing the work among their subordinates rather than making relations with them. They concentrated on the activities like planning, arranging resource and planning the tasks for their subordinates. Relationship oriented behaviour- The leaders who fall into this category not only concentrated on the task to done but also on making relationship with their subordinates. They took interest in solving the personal matters and helped them to set goal for their career of their subordinates. Participative leadership- The Participative leaders included their peers into their decisions like team members. These leaders are observed as good leaders and found facilitative rather than directive in solving problems. These kinds of leaders are more effective for teams instead of individuals. Transformational and Transactional Leadership: Transactional leaders are known to be as instrumental and regularly focus on exchange relationship with their peers (Bass and Avolio, 1993). Burns (1978) was the first who bring transformational and transactional theories in focus. This style of leadership is adopted by the leaders who want to see people working with full enthusiasm. The leaders who fall in this category motivate the employees and subordinates. These leaders are enthusiastic, energetic and they have a passion for their profession. They care about the people working under them and want them to succeed. However, according to Yukl (1999), Organizational processes get insufficient attention in most theories of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders seek to transform themselves and motivate the colleagues and work towards the changing the organizational culture in line with their vision (Bass, 1985). Whereas, Transactional leaders are argued to be visionary and enthusiastic, with an inherent ability to motivate subordinates (Bycio et al., 1995; Howell and Avolio, 1993) under this style of leadership, people are motivated by rewards and punishments depending on their performance. Transactional leader simply wants the people to take full responsibility of their work. If we compared transactional style to transformational style then it can be said that transformational style is selling style but transactional is the telling. 4. Critical Analysis Willie Walsh has taken some decisions which lead the company to growth. He leads BA with his own decisions and he tries to turn the company on his own way. For example, he took decision to open T5 but this lead to complete havoc on the first day. His decisions made lead organization to pay for it. According to the contingency theory, a good Leader should adopt the situation and according to transformational theory, an ideal leader should accept the participation of the subordinates. Since Willie Walsh takes his decision alone, he falls into the category of transactional leader and according to our group study and analysis about Willie Walsh, he as adopted all characteristics of transactional style of leadership. He expects more from his subordinates and tries to take the decision on his own and he dont involve his sub ordinate into his decisions in odd situations. He makes them work with rewards and punishments. Despite of that, It doesnt mean that Willie Walsh is a bad leader or is a type of leader that a organization should not have. According to the trait theory, Willie Walsh has some traits and skills which a leader should have. E.g. he is always alert about social environment, he is ambitious and achievement oriented, he is assertive, decisive, dominant, energetic, self-confident and tolerant of stress. With this, he has got the some skills which a leader should have. E.g. he is clever, intelligent, creative, diplomatic fluent in speaking, socially skilled. This make is as an exception of the leaders. As per our observation, Willie Walsh is leading the organization with his transactional style. It has been observed that the transactional leadership doesnt work for long time. It is true that Willie Walsh made Aer Lingus from loss making air lines to as most profitable air lines in only one year with his style and own made decisions but if we see the annual data of the Aer Lingus then it clearly shows that Aer Lingus didnt make that profit in continues years. By cutting the cost, job cuts, selling company core assets and making the air line a low cost air line would be the best way to make it profit at that moment but it didnt last for long time. Below is given a chart for data for Aer Lingus as evidence (Aer Lingus Annual reports, 2000-2006). Figure 2: Performance graph of Aer Lingus from 2004 to 2009 (data taken from Aer Lingus Annual reports, 2000-2006) It is clear that Aer Lingus made profit in 2002 and 2003 but after that it made very low profit in 2004. 5. Conclusion: To conclude the whole discussion, I would like to say that Willie Walshs working style is mixture of various leadership styles and there is not such way to explain this type of style. Sometime his decisions take the company on the top but sometimes company has to pay for that. He has the ability to take British Airways to overcome the loss it is currently making. Currently his style of leadership is autocratic who does not involve others into his decision and he believe on himself. Willie Walsh currently has an autocratic image in public and known to be as Darth Vader. He needs to change his leadership style and way of working. We see a good and charismatic leader in him but he needs to improve himself so his sub ordinate can support him in order to make the British Airways success. He needs to bring all other employees into the consideration so that decisions can be made by involvement of all the employees. He took some decision to make the company profit by selling old assets and making Aer Lingus a low cost flight, but it has been observed that that success was for a short span of time. After some time Aer Lingus went into the loss. His decision not always make profit for the organization, sometime company has to pay for his transactional decision. We see sometime leader who takes the harsh decisions can be the good leader but those are successful in some particular cases only. Willie Walsh also falls into this category since he had made Aer Lingus a profitable organization in the past. But this style is not relevant for all kind of situations. He has to adopt the style of situational leader or transformational leader in order to tackle the current situation in British Airways. He needs to change himself according to the required situation. Currently British Airways needs a leader or a leadership style that can bring whole company together and take to the peak of success. In my point of view, an ideal leader is the one who know how to make all of his subordinate work together and how to make the company making success. According to me, Willie Walsh needs to change himself to understand the emotions of his peers so that a good and brave decision can be implemented to make the British Airways success. 6. Reflections: If I Compare Willie Walsh with my previous manager then there is very much difference in the working style of leadership which both acquire. My previous managers style of leadership is a mixture of transformational and situational leadership. He changes himself according to the situation then makes wise decisions to make the team success. Willie Walsh does not involve his sub ordinates into his decisions, whereas, my previous leader used to involve his entire sub ordinates into his decision through team meetings. There was a very transparent working hierarchy in the team and organization I worked for. His way of treating the team members amazing and he used to communicate with them in a regular interval of time. He is a situational leader since he proved this by taking some decision according to the situation to make success and those decisions were proved to be the best decision sometimes. He always involved his colleagues by meeting with them and arrange meeting for project discussion. My previous company has many centers in India and sometime employees have to work from different locations. In that case also he used to arrange the meeting over voip calls so that we can bring our views in his notice. My previous manager has some qualities of charismatic leaders and he always comes in to public to confess his mistake. He was a strong and brave manager like Willie Walsh and he took his decisions without any fear like Willie Walsh but leadership style of both very different. In this study I understand how leadership styles changes leader to leader and organization to organization. I understand that the leader will play a very important role in making a organization success and if leader is ready to change then it is possible to take a company from feet to the peak of success. 7. Bibliography: Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1993) Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture, Public Administration Quarterly, 17 (1) pp. 112-17 Bass, B.M. (1985) Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectation. New York: The Free Press. Bycio, P., Hackett, R.D. and Allen, J.S. (1995) Further Assessments of Basss (1985) Conceptualization of Transactional and Transformational Leadership, Journal of Applied Psychology, 80 (4) pp. 468-78 Howell, J.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1993) Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Locus of Control and Support for Innovation: Key Predictors of Consolidated-Business-Unit Performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78 pp. 891-902 Huczynsky A. A. and Buchanan D. A. (2007) Organizational Behaviour. 6th edn. Essex: Prentice Hall. Kouzes, J. and posner, B. (2003) leadership challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-bass, pp. 22 McCall, M.W. Jr. and Lombardo, M.M. (1983) Off the track: Why and how successful executives get derailed. Greensboro: Centre for Creative Leadership. Ogbonna, E. and Lloyd, C. H. (2000) Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies, Int. J. of Human Resource Management, 11 (4) Stogdill, R.M. (1974) Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. New York: Free Press. Yukl, G., (1999) An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories, The Leadership Quarterly, 10 (2) pp. 285-305 Annual reports of British Airways (2004-2009) Annual reports of Aer Lingus (2000-2006) Web references: 1. British Airways (2009) History and heritage: celebrating 90 years with pride. Available at: http://www.britishairways.com/travel/history-and-heritage/public/en_gb [Accessed on 2nd Dec 2009]. 2. British Airways (2009) Biography: Willie Walsh chief executive. Available at: http://www.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-govBioID=135180 [Accessed on 2nd Dec 2009]. 3. British Airways (2009) History and Heritage: Explore our past. Available at: http://www.britishairways.com/travel/explore-our-past/public/en_gb [Accessed on 05 dec 2009]. 4. Business Week (2005) Willie Walsh: Chief Executive, British Airways, Britain. Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_22/b3935411.htm [Accessed on 2nd Dec 2009].

Voice over Internet Protocol Essay -- VoIP Technology Networking Essay

Voice over Internet Protocol Definition of VoIP â€Å"Mr. Watson, come here, I want you!† These were the first words that were spoken over the phone back on March 10 1876. If you combine this invention with the same invention of the first computer that was completed nearly 70 years later in 1946, you would then be able to access VoIP. VoIP is also known as voice over internet protocol. VoIP is in essence the ability to talk with ones voice via computer to computer. In the next few pages you will learn about the history of VoIP, how it works, the requirements that are needed to use VoIP, the benefits and risks of this type of technology, and lastly you will get a glimpse at the future of VoIP. Not many people know what VoIP is or even that it exists. VoIP was designed to help with the costs for long distance charges. The idea or premise of this type of technology was conceived to use ones phone line and make a call through the Internet. It was designed to be used for both local and long distance calls thus cutting phone bill costs. The VoIP way of communication was started back in 1995 and was the result of work done by some hobbyists in Israel (Interangent, 2005). These hobbyists as well as other great inventors saw a good idea. Their idea was to be able to communicate through the computer as appose to talking over the phone. The idea was not so much to get away from the phone system but more to avoid long distance charges. In the beginning VoIP was only available when there was a direct personal computer to personal computer connection. Later in 1995 Vocaltec, Inc. released Internet Phone Software (Interagent, 2005). In the beginning it was fairly difficult to use. Due to the fact that in order to really be able to communicate using VoIP both the computers that were trying to communicate to each other would be required to use the same equipment, have a sound card and use a microphone. It was a good first effort, but as many firsts, the quality was very poor. VoIP would make great strides in the next three years. In 1998 VoIP had made such great strides that some companies were able to offer personal computer to phone services. The strides also were able to offer phone to phone contact. In the beginning VoIP did not charge their customers but chose to get payment through advertisements. When you made the phone call you would have to wait through an advert... ...base TechLand Group (2005). Strategies for Migrating Corporate Voice Traffic to the Data Network, Retrieved June 6, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.techland.co.uk/index/page.index Try-three. (2005). History VoIP Article. Retrieved May 21, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.try-there.com/voip/directory/history-voip.html Tyson, J. (2005). How stuff works. How voip works. Retrieved June 3, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony.htm Voippreview. (2004). History of VoIP. Retrieved May 20, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.voipreview.org/news.details.aspx?nid=51 Wagner, J. (2004, June 21). Networking. Retrieved May 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.internetnews.com/infr/article.php/3371431 Webopedia (2005, June). VoIP. Retrieved June 10, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.webopedia.com What Is (2005, June). VoIP. Retrieved June 10, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.whatis.com Wikipedia (2004). Definitions in Technology. Retrieved May 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web: www.wikipedia.com Wikipedia (2005, June). VoIP. Retrieved June 11, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.wikipedia.org

Effects of five life factors Essay

Genetic factors such as cystic fibrosis for example, are life factors which can affect the development of an individual. It can affect an individual at any age and is caused by a faulty gene that is passed from the parents to the child. The faulty gene allows too much salt and not enough water into cells and makes a build up of thick, sticky mucus in the body’s tubes. This can cause blockages in the body’s tubes and passageways, and causes damage to lungs, the digestive system, and other organs. Case Study Lauren, who is 14 years old, was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis when she was 3 months old. Her personal symptoms include coughing, wheezing and being unable to do things that she normally could do if she wasn’t ill. For example, if she was coughing a lot, then she couldn’t do any sports or dancing because it would make her more productive, which means bringing up lots of phlegm and it isn’t very nice. Sometimes it makes her sick in front of her friends, which can be embarrassing. This affects Lauren physically as she would suffer from malnutrition, which would cause her to be unhealthy as she isn’t getting the nutrition’s that she needs, and she would be tired with no energy which stops her from doing things she likes doing like sports and dancing. She would also have a low immune system which causes her to catch bugs easily so she has to be extra careful. It affects Lauren intellectually too because due to CF making her unwell, she would be constantly in and out of hospital so she would miss a lot of school, meaning that she would miss out on learning the things that the other children are learning. Lauren is also affected emotionally by cystic fibrosis because she may feel different to everybody else, which could lead to stronger feelings such as feeling isolated from everyone else, or depression and sadness. She can feel embarrassed at times too when other people see her when she is unwell as she can’t stop herself from being sick when she needs to be. Lastly, Lauren is affected socially as well because friendships would most likely be on a low and she wouldn’t be able to go out with her friends much because of cystic fibrosis making her unwell. She would also not be able to participate in some social groups/activities because of her condition, meaning that she misses out on things that other children don’t need to, and has her opportunities restricted. Biological factors such as foetal alcohol syndrome for example, are life factors which can affect the development of an individual. Women who drink alcohol during pregnancy can give birth to babies with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These disorders range from mild to severe. They can be behavioral, physical, related to learning, or all of the above. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe form of the condition. People with FAS may have problems with their vision, hearing, memory, attention span, and abilities to learn and communicate. While the defects vary from one person to another, the damage is often permanent. http://www.healthline.com/health/fetal-alcohol-syndrome#Overview1 Case Study In 1977, Matthew was the first British baby to be diagnosed with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder. The damage to his brain in the womb means he suffers from learning difficulties, emotional problems like immaturity, and obsessive behaviour. Matthew looks like many other young men his age, although his head is small for his body, one of the many physical effects of FASD, which can also include heart, skeleton and facial abnormalities. â€Å"I can only cope with one thing at a time or it’s too overwhelming,† he says. â€Å"I can remember my family’s car number plates from the last 15 years, but not whether I locked my car door 30 seconds ago†. Just as difficult is Matthew’s social isolation. Those with FASD can’t interpret facial expressions or body language. In company, Matthew can be over-familiar with people he doesn’t know well. â€Å"I can’t relate to anyone,† he says. â€Å"When I’m on my own, I’m dying to be with other people. But when I’m with around other people, I wish I was on my own again†. Matthew was born weighing just under 6lbs. Damage to his nervous system meant he didn’t respond to stimuli or even cry for the first year of his life. â€Å"Every one of my milestones was late,† says Matthew. â€Å"I didn’t smile until I was a year old. I was three before I sat up and four before I walked.† It was in Matthew’s late teenage years that the gulf really started to open up. As his peers forged careers and relationships, his social and intellectual limitations became more obvious. Matthew’s progress has been remarkable. He is articulate and self-aware. But he also suffers from fragmented vision in one eye and  chronic short-sightedness. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/foetal-alcohol-syndrome-drink-destroyed-my-life-402017.html Environmental factors such as damp/overcrowded housing for example, are life factors that can affect the development of an individual. Dampness includes the presence of water damage, damp stains, visible mould and condensation. Reports from housing charity Shelter have found that more than one million children in England are living in â€Å"damp, cold, infested† housing. Moreover, more than one million houses in England are considered â€Å"unfit to live in†. A survey based on the 2001 census has also found that more than half a million families in the UK live in officially overcrowded housing. These statistics have major implications. A person’s physical environment affects their health and well-being. This is especially the case for young children, who can spend 90% of their time in the home. Studies Some studies and reviews from the UK and elsewhere have reported an association between dampness, moisture and mould and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among children of all ages. For example, one review found that children in homes with damp and/or mould are two and a half times more likely to have coughs or wheezes than children in â€Å"dry† homes. Another UK study found that visible mould was significantly associated with an increased risk of wheezing illness among children aged 9-11 years. A wider European study of older children also found prevalence of asthma and chronic cough was higher in damp homes. The association between moisture and cough or respiratory problems is particularly significant with regard to nocturnal symptoms and more significant still for children who have a predisposition to allergies. A Finnish study found a significant association between eczema in preschool children and visible moisture and mould in the home, and a relationship between these environmental conditions and nausea in older children. All age groups in this study were found to visit primary care more frequently than their counterparts in dryer houses. This effects children living in these damp homes physically as it can make them very unwell more than children living in dryer homes. These symptoms include coughing,  wheezing, nausea and even worse effects for children who already have allergies such as asthma. It would affect the children emotionally too as they would be most likely on a low if their allergies or illnesses aren’t getting better because of the house they are living in. This could lead to them feeling slightly depressed or sad, and even make them have a low self-esteem as they may think that there is something wrong with them. Also, it could affect these children socially as their allergy getting worse may prevent them from going out with friends and taking part in out-door activities. http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2007/11/21/the-environmental-impact-on-children-of-poor-housing/ Socio-economic factors such as employment status for example, are life factors that can affect the development of an individual. The amount of income and social status an individual has, is linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and the poorest people, the greater the differences in health is. People who have a higher income and social status are usually the ones who have better health because they can afford the best treatment in health services and can afford the best products. Also they would have a better self-concept and confidence. Education links to this as if you have good qualifications you are more likely to get a good employment status. Low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-confidence. http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/ Case Study Garry is 43 years old and works in a theatre as the cleaner. He has worked at the theatre for 4 years as he has been in and out of different cleaning jobs before. When Garry left school at 16 he only had 2 qualifications and he never bothered going to college. This meant that his opportunities career-wise were quite limited, so he went into cleaning to earn some money and never progressed to anything higher. Gary’s salary isn’t very much but he has to stretch his money to pay bills and look after his wife and 2 children. He has constantly been stressed with trying to sort his money out for many years, as he could have been more stable and happy if he was earning more money. Garry has a bad self-concept of himself and has no  confidence at all as he thinks that he should be a better husband and father, this is because he has a low employment status and doesn’t earn as much as other men do. Due to all the stress Garry has had throughout many years, he was diagnosed with heart disease and he and his family have been doing everything they can to make sure he is okay. Unfortunately, Garry could not afford any special treatment for his heart disease as he has never had a high-income, so his chance of being cured was quite low. This would most likely end badly, however a person who has a higher income than Garry can afford the special treatment and therefore has a better chance of surviving. Employment status effects Garry physically as his wage is low, meaning he can’t afford special health treatment to survive things such as heart disease when people with a higher income could survive. It effects him emotionally too because he hasn’t progressed any higher than a cleaner, so he doesn’t have a good self-concept of himself, making him have feelings of depression and he has no confidence at all. He is also affected socially as he may feel intimidated to socialise with other men who are earning much more than him and who are providing extremely well for their families, so he may feel isolated and lonely as he may feel like he can’t make friends. Lifestyle factors, such as obesity for an example, are life factors that can affect the development of an individual. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or psychiatric illness. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity Case Study A 52-year-old woman with obesity and a 9year history of type 2 diabetes presents with complaints of fatigue, difficulty losing weight, and no motivation. She denies polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, blurred vision, or  vaginal infections. She notes a marked decrease in her energy level, particularly in the afternoons. She is tearful and states that she was diagnosed with depression and prescribed an antidepressant that she chose not to take. She states that she has gained an enormous amount of weight since being placed on insulin 6 years ago. Her weight has continued to increase over the past 5 years, and she is presently at the highest weight she has ever been. She states that every time she tries to cut down on her eating she has symptoms of shakiness, diaphoresis, and increased hunger. She does not follow any specific diet and has been so fearful of hypoglycemia that she often eats extra snacks. Her health care practitioners have repeatedly advised weight loss and exercise to improve her health status. She complains that the pain in her knees and ankles makes it difficult to do any exercise. This affects her physically as she can suffer with many different diseases because of being obese, and could be as serious as causing death. It affects her emotionally too because she may have a very low self-esteem because obesity is defined the opposite of beautiful in today’s society. This could lead to further feelings such as depression as she may feel not good enough, and she cannot do as much physically as people who don’t have obesity which can lead to feelings such as frustration. Also, obesity can affect her socially as she may not feel confident enough to leave the house to socialise as people make fun of her, which makes it even harder to make new friends. Feelings of depression could lead to even further feelings of isolation, as she may not feel happy enough to go out and see friends, which will lead to her not leaving her home. http://journal.diabetes.org/clinicaldiabetes/V17n31999/Pg142.htm

The eNotes Blog The Sound of Silence NASA Probes Record Earths Chorus

The Sound of Silence NASA Probes Record Earths Chorus Heres a question for Science teachers to ask their classes: If space made a noise, what would it sound like? The reverberations of Neil Armstrongs footsteps? Space junk clanging together?   The chatter of little green men? Or perhaps, early morning birdsong? An illustration of the earths magnetosphere, where our planets magnetic field collides with charged particles from the Sun. Yes, unlikely as it is, Earth actually gives off a noise that most liken to birds chirping. We know this because when NASA wasnt busy sending a rover to explore Mars, it created a device to detect the sounds of an atmosphere much closer to home. Surrounding our planet are rings of plasma which are pulsing with radio waves. Those waves are not audible to the human ear alone, but radio antennae can pick them up, and thats just what an instrument the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) on NASAs recently launched Radiation Belt Storm Probes has done. Scientists have known of Earths chorus for several decades, but one of the missions of the Probes project has been to uncover the science behind the emissions. The sounds come from a part of Earths outer atmosphere called the magnetosphere (pictured above) an area where charged particles from the sun interact with the earths magnetic field. Fortunately for us, the radio waves emitted by Earths atmosphere occur in the same frequency of sounds we can hear. That means that, once the waves are picked up by a radio transmitter and translated into sound waves, we can listen to the hauntingly beautiful sounds of our home planet, recorded below: The project will continue for two more years and will also investigate the phenomenon of space weather, which actually affects us on the ground by knocking out satellites and power grids. Who knew space suffered weather like the rest of us? Idea for a Classroom Activity: Earths Song Objective:  To help students connect the concepts of magnetic fields and radio waves. Grade Level: 4-8 Time Needed: 20-30 minutes Dialogue/Worksheet:  Can you imagine what space would sound like if we could listen to it?  What kind of sounds do you think we would hear? (Have students draw Earth and its magnetic field. This activity should follow a unit on magnetism and polarity.) Did you know that the magnetic field makes a noise when tiny particles from the Sun hit it? We cant hear this sound just by listening with our ears. We need radio waves to be able to hear it. What kinds of objects detect radio waves? (Have students list the many different items that pick up radio waves. Ex. radios, baby monitors, garage door openers, cell phones, radio-controlled toys, TVs, wifi, airplanes etc.) Radio waves make up a a type of sound wave that travels through the air at a frequency humans cant hear. They travel much faster than the sound waves you hear when I speak. But we can hear them when we use a radio. The antennae pick up radio waves from the air and switch them into sound waves, which we can hear through the speakers.   Earths magnetic field gives off its own noise because radio waves are   electromagnetic. Using a radio antennae, we can pick up this sound and listen to the planet.   (Play audio of Earths chorus.) What did that sound like to you? Did its sound surprise you? If you could give Earths song a name, what would you call it? Resources: NASA explains Radio Waves Reference Guide: Electricity and Magnetism QA: Definition of radio waves

Summary of Unnatural Killers by John Grisham essays

Summary of Unnatural Killers by John Grisham essays In the article Unnatural Killers John talks about two horrific acts of violence. He draws a coalition between a murder in Hernando, Mississippi and one in Ponchatoula, Louisiana, both towns being connected by an interstate. On March 7-8, 1995 Bill Savage and Patsy Byers were both murdered. Although no one knew it at the time, a young man named Benjamin Darras, age eighteen, murdered Bill Savage. However Patsy Byers murder was caught on tape. The young woman was latter identified as Sarah Edmonson age nineteen. The two teens were involved in a relationship together. When they were caught Sarahs lawyers reached an immunity agreement [pg. 359] with the prosecuting attorneys. For here immunity she had to testify against Ben [pg. 359]. In her testimony she recalled the events of and leading up to March 7 and 8. One statement in particular was that they had watched the movie Natural Born Killers before they left on the sixth of March. The movie is about two young people that drive around the southwest part of the country killing people. The movie also portrays that they become famous for these killings and are last seen happily rambling down the highway [pg. 359]. Also in her testimony she speaks of how Ben spoke openly of killing people [pg. 360], and how he was quite anxious to kill someone [pg. 360]. She tells how he shot and killed Bill Savage and pressed her repeatedly to kill someone herself [pg. 360]. She told investigators that he said, the feeling of killing was powerful [pg. 360]. Sarah goes on to tell that she did not want to rob the store [pg. 361], she was made to do it and then made to kill Patsy Byers. John goes on to conclude on one thought, Can fault be shared [pg. 361]? He tells that the two teens had never been mixed up in violence. He blames the movie for making fun of murder an...

Scientific Investigation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scientific Investigation - Lab Report Example The steps in the entire experiment protocol include (1) GFP gene construction; (2) gene shuffling and selection; (3) mutant selection; (4) mutant characterization in E. coli; (5) CH) cell expression of GFP; (6) FACS analysis; and, (7) fluorescence spectroscopy. That is, the researchers first synthesized a GFP (green fluorescent protein) gene in an E. coli construct with optimized codon usage. This was further improved using an evolutionary process of recursive cycles of DNA shuffling of the GFP gene, combined with visual selection for the brightest E. Coli colonies. Since red-shifting the excitation maximum makes detection challenging by the naked eye, UV light was used for visual screening. The independent variable in this study is the process used to improve cell fluorescence or GFP in E. coli cells. In particular, the independent variable considered the absence of GFP, the Clontech GFP, the wildtype GFP, the cycle 2 mutant GFP, and the cycle 3 mutant GFP. On the other hand, the dependent variables that were investigated for differences in this study are the fluorescence signals and excitation signals of the E. coli genes. Technically, the control group for this study is the sample with no GFP. However, the three constructs (i.e., wildtype, cycle-2 and cycle-3) were also compared against the pGFP plasmid from Clontech, with a GFP sequence reported by Chalfie et al and contains a Q80R mutation which occurred as a PCR error as well as 24 extra amino acids from the N-terminus of LacZ. Results of the research study confirms the initial hypothesis that the combination of DNA shuffling and high throughput screening would be a powerful tool in optimizing a significant number of commercially important enzymes for which selections do not

Financial Analysis for Thorntons Plc Assignment

Financial Analysis for Thorntons Plc - Assignment Example Based on the performance ratios computed, Thorntons' profitability is declining together with its ability to turn revenue into profit. However, the company shows improvement in efficiency evidenced by the declining inventory, debtors' and creditors' ratio. Thortons' current assets are able all its immediate obligation yet most of its liquid assets are tied up in inventory. The company is able to service its interest expense through its operating income. Thorntons' is more dependent on creditors in financing its resources. As an investment, the company's stocks might be unattractive due to the declining earnings per share and return on equity. For a competitor, Thorntons might not post a formidable threat. Supplier will find the company a good customer because of its liquidity and improved creditors' ratio. For a customer, the reduction in inventory ratio might signal less possibility for spoilage. For a potential acquirer, Thorntons might be a good target but still needs a good management for improvement. Financial management is very much essential in ensuring the health and well being of a business organization. Business finance, in the simplest sense, is concerned with the goal of a firm to maximize shareholder value (Keown, et. al. 2004). It should be noted that finance is all about managing the financial resources of a business entity into those opportunities which will yield maximum value for stockholder's wealth. This involves generating cash in order to support the operations of the company and choosing among competing ends of investment opportunities present in the market. Horngren, et al. (2002, pp. 6) defines accounting as the "information system that measures business activities, processes that information into reports, and communicates the results to decision makers." Accounting is generally classified into fields according to the intended users of financial data. Financial accounting focuses on providing information for people outside the firm like creditors and outside investors. Management accounting on the other hand focuses on giving internal decision makers information which aids them in making financial and operational strategies (Horngren, et al. 2002). Accounting and business finance are closely interrelated. The business arena often refers to accounting as "the language of business" implying that a better understanding of the accounting language will aid making better financial decisions (Horngren et al. 2002). Thus, in general, accounting is a prerequisite in understanding the important concepts used in financial accounting. Basic knowledge in accounting is imperative in understanding finance. As stated earlier, concepts which are commonly used in accounting appears in financial management. For instance, a company which needs to determine the profitability of an investment needs to be acquainted with the effects of different transactions on the income statement of the business organization. With this, knowledge in accounting becomes imperative for financial managers. Accounting acquaints individuals with

A description of a person I had to work with Essay

A description of a person I had to work with - Essay Example He was a very kind person that had innate leadership abilities. He was also a part time professor at a local university. At that job I learn how to be a professional due to the influence George had one me. He would always dedicate some time at work just to talk to me about work related matters, current affairs, and personal advice. Whenever I had any doubts about a work task I always felt the freedom and confident to ask help from George. He was always willing to provide assistance. When one of our co-workers took a vacation George vouched for me to our boss and I receive a special assignment of replacing the co-worker while on vacation. My weekly shift increased from 20 hours to 40 hours for a one month period. My work duties changed during that period. During that time I demonstrated to the manager that I was a capable worker that was a quick learner. I was able to adapt very fast to my new work environment. My paycheck increased by twice the size thanks to George Lucas during that month. I considered George Lucas my mentor, friend, and the best co-worker I had the privilege to work with.

Case Sharp Printing Essay Example for Free

Case Sharp Printing Essay Three years ago the Sharp Printing (SP) strategic management group set a goal of having a color laser printer available for the consumer and small business market for less than $200. A few months later the senior management met off-site to discuss the new product. The results of this meeting were a set of general technical specifications along with major deliverables, a product launch date, and a cost estimate based on prior experience. Shortly afterward, a meeting was arranged for middle management explaining the project goals, major responsibilities, the project start date, and importance of meeting the product launch date within the cost estimate. Members of all departments involved attended the meeting. Excitement was high. Although everyone saw the risks as high, the promised rewards for the company and the personnel were emblazoned in their minds. A few participants questioned the legitimacy of the project duration and cost estimates. A couple of RD people were worried about the technology required to produce the high-quality product for less than $200. But given the excitement of the moment, everyone agreed the project was worth doing and doable. The color laser printer project was to have the highest project priority in the company. Lauren was selected to be the project manager. She had 15 years of experience in printer design and manufacture, which included successful management of several projects related to printers for commercial markets. Since she was one of those uncomfortable with the project cost and time estimates, she felt getting good bottom-up time and cost estimates for the deliverables was her first concern. She quickly had a meeting with the significant stakeholders to create a WBS identifying the work packages and organizational unit responsible for implementing the work packages. Lauren stressed she wanted time and cost estimates from those who would do the work or were the most knowledgeable, if possible. Getting estimates from more than one source was encouraged. Estimates were due in two weeks. The compiled estimates were placed in the WBS/OBS. The corresponding cost estimate seemed to be in error. The cost estimate was $1,250,000 over the senior management estimate; this represents about a 20 percent overrun! The time estimate from the developed project network was only four months over the top management time estimate. Another meeting was scheduled with the significant stakeholders to check the estimates and to brainstorm for alternative solutions; the cost and time estimates appeared to be reasonable. Some of the suggestions for the brainstorming session are listed below.

The Cross Cultural Negotiation Variables

The Cross Cultural Negotiation Variables Weiss (1993) identified twelve variables in the negotiation process which will lead to understanding negotiating style better. Different groups view the purpose and process of negotiation differently. Negotiation may be seen as a conflict in which one side wins and another loses, as a competition to identify who is best or as a collaborative process to formulate some undertaking. The winner of a negotiation in some countries is the one who gains the most concessions, regardless of the value of the concessions. Every group chooses negotiators on the basis of a variety of factors. Negotiators may be selected on the basis of their previous experience, their status, knowledge of a particular subject, or personal attributes. Different groups stress different aspects of the negotiations. Some groups stress substantive issues directly related to the agreement while others stress relationships. Different groups have their own particular etiquette associated with the negotiation process and their adherence to protocol varies according to its perceived importance. Protocol factors that should be considered are gift giving, entertainment, dress codes, seating arrangements, numbers of negotiators, timing of breaks, and planned duration of the process of negotiations. Different groups communicate in different ways and are more comfortable with one or another form of communications. Some groups rely on verbal communications, others on nonverbal. Some groups rely on one method, others mixed. The more varied method of communications, the more complex is the communication context and the more care must be given to understanding the context. Different groups attempt to persuade others and are persuaded by the use of a variety of different types of arguments. Some rely on facts and logical arguments, others on tradition and the way things were done in the past, still others on intuition or emotion and others on the beliefs associated with a particular religion or philosophy. Individuals play different roles in different societies. In some groups, the individual is seen as very important and a particular individuals success or failure can depend on the outcome of the negotiation process. In other groups, individuals are subordinate to the home negotiating party and personal ambitions are contained. Trust is a necessity if groups are going to work together to their mutual benefit and all groups seek to establish trust with the other parties in the negotiation process. Negotiation involves a degree of risk because the final outcome is unknown when the negotiations begin. Different groups view uncertainty and risk as relatively desirable or undesirable. The value of time differs from one group to another. Some people view time as limited and something to be used wisely. Others view time as plentiful and always available, therefore they are more likely to expect negotiations to progress slowly and to be flexible about schedules. Decisions are made differently in different groups. They may be made by individuals or by the group as a whole. Some groups accept the decision of the majority of the group members. Other groups seek consensus among group members and will not make a decision until all member have agreed. In some cultures, written agreements are expected; in others verbal agreements or a handshake is accepted. In some cultures, agreements are detailed and set out as many points as possible. In others, broad general agreements are preferred with details to be worked out as they arise. In some cultures, agreements are expected to be legally binding, in others, there is little faith in legal contracts and much more emphasis is placed on a persons obligation to keep his or her word. Chinese Negotiation Style China is going to be used to demonstrate that culture affects negotiation style. From Tony (2006)s research, there are three main Chinese negotiation styles. The Chinese negotiation styles includes Maoist bureaucrat in learning, Confucian gentleman, and Sun Tzu-like strategist. The Chinese negotiator as a Maoist bureaucrat always follows governments plan when doing business. The negotiator combines business with politics, avoids taking initiatives, shuns responsibility, and fears criticism. The Chinese negotiator is smart and tough because he is trained by Chinese bureaucracy daily in which bargaining is an important element (Davidson, 1987: Frankenstein, 1988; Lieberthal and Oksenberg, 1986; Pye, 1982). Being a Confucian gentleman, the Chinese negotiator behaves refers to the mutual trust and benefit, looking for cooperation and win-win solutions for everyone to succeed. He behaves high value on trust and sincerity on his own part. He analyses contracting essentially as an ongoing relationship or problem-solving process instead of a one-off legal package (Deverage, 1986; Kindel, 1990, Seligman, 1990; Shenkar and Ronen, 1987). He associated business with guanxi, friendship, and trust. His negotiation strategy is characterized by cooperation, basically. As a Sun Tzu-like strategist, the Chinese negotiator think negotiation is a zero-sum game and the marketplace as a battlefield (Chiao, 1981; Chu, 1991; Mun, 1990; Pye, 1982). He sets out to win-lose you, and never stops bargaining. The Chinese negotiator is skilful, provided with a formidable many of Chinese stratagems from his ancestors. Sun Tzu-like strategist adopts apparently soft but essentially tough tactics in negations. His negotiation strategy is characterized by competition. Managerial implications Sending the right team to negotiate in China is extremely important, the status of the team members will directly affect the attitude of Chinese host organization toward your company. Your team leader should be a person with charismatic charm, a patient personality, credibility and sufficient authority to make a key decision. It is crucial importance to show the Chinese the political support and governmental backing behind your China missions when negotiating large industrial high-risk B2B projects in China. The Chinese government is an importance player in business networks (Kock 1995). When embarking on a china venture makes sure you know the real Chinese negotiators. Despite the large Chinese team with many participants, the real Chinese negotiators usually are absent from the negotiation room. By identifying and negotiating with the real Chinese negotiators, you may, as a Chinese proverb stated, Get twice the result with half the effort. The number 8 is adored (whereas the number 4 is disfavoured) in Chinese culture. So try to use design 8 numbered products for China as a metaphor to enunciate the importance of respecting and learning Chinese sociocultural traits. From the perspective of Confucianism, China is a familistic society in which it takes time to build trust between non-family members. The Chinese distrust fast talkers who want to make quick deals (Pye, 1982, p. 92). By being patient, tolerant, calm, persistent, and honest in dealing with the Chinese, you will eventually win the Chinese heart and trust.

Ratio Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Companies strive from day to day to make their business publicly strong, financially strong, and appeasing and profitable for its shareholders. Shareholders as well as the company’s management use several tools to determine a company’s health and direction. These tools are better known as ratio analysis. Ratios are among the more widely used tools of financial analysis because they provide clues to and symptoms of underlying conditions.2 Ratios help measure a company’s liquidity, activity, profitability, leverage and coverage.1 These five measured sections show how ratio analysis is used in decision-making, how a firm can measure its financial situation and financial performance, and the strengths and weaknesses of the company. The term ratio analysis can be broken down into smaller sections. The first is a current ratio which is the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. This ratio shows how well a company’s current liabilities are covered.1 Even though this ratio is used often, it does have its limitations. Since it shows all current assets it does not differentiate among the assets with regard to their degrees of liquidity, show it can show skued results .Another commonly used ratio is the acid-test ratio, also known as the quick ratio. This ratio shows an investor how the short-term liquidity, or how quickly the company’s assets can be turned into cash.2 Inventory turnover is an important and often overlooked ratio that indicates inventory levels. A low turnover...

Hilda Doolittle Outline Essay

Format on â€Å"Heat†. When I first read the poem â€Å"Heat† by H. D. my first impression was it was so short. This poem has three stanzas, consisting of an unequal amount of lines in each. It also uses every day conversation words. My second thought was that it was so simple, almost grade school because of the word choice. Though after learning more about imagists and H.D. I knew this wasn’t the case. To write this poem she painstakingly choose each specific words to use. The poem is choppy and very precise all at the same time. H.D. used the same hard sounding words over and over throughout the poem. The poem style is lyrical because it expresses the thoughts and feelings of H.D.  Style on H. D’s poem â€Å"Heat†. In this poem H.D used direct presentation of picture words/ images. H.D also had a unique ability for writing her poems in cinema form. (She was very interested in the new art of movie making.) This is where her poems made you see a moving picture instead of freezing a moment in time like other imagist poets. This is one of the reasons she was seen as so nontraditional. In the poem â€Å"Heat† H.D personifies the heat, she says that the heat stops the fruit from falling, and it presses up on the blunts and points of pears and rounds the grapes. She made the heat have human-like characteristics. This poem also makes the same hard â€Å"t† sound throughout the poem to make it seem more oppressive. That is an example of consonance while the repeating vowels sounds of heat, used quite a lot is an example of assonance. Content in H. D’s poem â€Å"Heat†. I think what H.D is trying to say in this poem is that sometimes life is hard and unforgiving. It might just seem like things are just to hard and are never going to get better but sometimes they do. Out of nowhere a unexpected cool breeze cuts through the heat and delivers relief. At the end of my research of H.D.’s turbulant life I could see how she put her life experiences into her work. Format on H. D’s poem â€Å"Pear Tree†. This poem is also written in 3 stanzas. There are a couple of more lines than â€Å"Heat† but not a lot. This poem is like her other one in its choppiness and precision. H.D. used her craft well in choosing the exact words in all the right places. When I first read the poem it was difficult for me to see the meaning but through my research I could tell how hard it must have been to find those specific words to convey her lyrical poem. Style on H. D’s poem â€Å"Pear Tree†. In this poem H.D uses alliteration, for example; â€Å" flower-tuffs†, â€Å"bring summer and ripe fruits†. She also uses consonance, â€Å"no flower ever parted silver†, â€Å"From such rare silver†. H.D used assonance in this poem, â€Å"o silver†, â€Å"o white pear†. She even put a simile in this poem, â€Å"higher than my arms reach†. In the poem â€Å"Pear Tree† H.D uses lots of soft sounds and repeated lots of the same vowel sounds. This poem is the opposite of the harshness in â€Å"Heat† . Content in H. D’s poem â€Å"Pear Tree†. In this poem H.D describes the simple beauty of nature. I was finally able to see the moving tree and growing fruit. She also shows how much hope and opportunity there is in life. It takes time and a quiet perseverance to have your effort pay off in an actual product. Whether it is a pear or a work of literature.

Advancements of Dental Science in 1900s Essays

Advancements of Dental Science in 1900s Essays Advancements of Dental Science in 1900s Essay Advancements of Dental Science in 1900s Essay The unparalleled leadership of American Dentistry beginning in the 1920s developed largely because of the improvement and consistent reliability of dental materials brought about by the research programs at the National Bureau of Standards from 1920s until present day. This advancement in dental science was due to the symbiotic private and public sponsorship of research programs by the cooperative research group between the American Dental Association and the National Bureau of Standards. In the oral history interview of George C.  Paffenbarger, D. D. S, he explains his involvement as a researcher and leader in the dental field as well as advancements made due to the work of this research program. Dr. Paffenbarger’s own dedication to purpose and constant endeavor to enhance and expand the science of dental materials is evident in his recollections of programs and events in which he participated. The integration of government regulation in standardizing dental materials was pertinent to the forward growth of the dental field. Dr.  Paffenbarger’s account is informative and perceptive, demonstrating how the emerging vision of â€Å"professionalism† in American dentistry could be accomplished through the advancements of the dental field. The beginnings of government funded dental research begun during World War I when the Army wanted to procure dental amalgam but had no criteria. At the time the National Bureau of Standards was the chief physical laboratory to the government so the Army wrote to them requesting a standard for amalgam in order to put in a bid request in 1919. Separate manufacturers were producing dental materials but due to the lack of authoritative literature in dental materials orders for these products were based on advertised brand names not facts. The National Bureau of Standards contacted Dr. Wilmer Souder, a physicist, whose further research exposed the lack of knowledge about dental materials used in practice. Dr. Paffenbarger’s account of Dr. Souder’s involvement in the dental field demonstrates a clear responsibility in the beginnings of dental research. Even in his closing statements of the interview he stresses how Dr.  Souder’s â€Å"foresight, his determination, and how his energy and scientific experience was applied to the development of this dental research program here at the National Bureau of Standards is truly phenomenal. † After basic research Dr. Souder realized there was a general lethargy of the dental profession and the dental manufacturers and the government. Paffenbarger even recounts Dr. Souder’s story of speaking to a dentist about amalgam material and the response was Well, we have to just say what the manufacturer says. We don’t have any source of information about what we are using here. We don’t have anything equivalent to the U. S. P. on drugs. We don’t have any standards, or any criteria except just trial and error in the patient’s mouth. To do something about this, Dr. Souder wrote to the American Dental Association to see if they would be interested in establishing a research associateship, which the National Bureau of Standards had been able to do after organic law was passed by Congress. This began the relationship with the American Dental Association and National Bureau of Standards. The importance of Dr.  Souder in the emergence of the dental field is a widely accepted notion by historians. In an article written by W. T. Sweeney published by the National Bureau of Standards in 1972, the author gives a report on the most outstanding events, personnel, and accomplishments of the dental research program in honor of the 50th anniversary of the program. It is evident from the beginning in Sweeney’s article when she states, â€Å"the name of Dr. Wilmer Souder is the most outstanding of all the scientific staff because he is responsible for setting the character and ideals of the program. † Her writings parallel that of Paffenbarger as she states it was his realizing of the necessity of cooperative effort between dental profession, manufacturers, and general public as represented by the government. Sweeney’s article also states how the original request from the War Department to the National Bureau of Standards in 1919 initiated the changing of the dental field by exposing the lack of standardized practices. This article goes into further detail of how Souder obtained numerical evaluations by measurement and delineated his procedure so his results could be repeated and checked. This practice gave a new point of view to the dental field materials. In both Paffenbarger and Sweeney’s account, Souder realized that the dental field needed much further investigating and an important field to do research in, especially from a health standpoint. This led to the first expansion of the dental field by the addition of research associates to the group. The first request from the National Bureau of Standards to the American Dental Association was denied, stating that the American Dental Association was not interested. Paffenbarger explains how Dr. Souder decided to wait to re-contact the association for about two years. During this time he set up to find other sponsors for research associateship. Sweeney’s article agrees with Paffenbarger’s account of the support by the Weinstein Research Laboratory. Their research focused on measurements of properties of gold alloys and standardized precision casting. In having hard-fast results that could be repeated, Sweeney states how this is an example of the cooperative effort producing scientific results. This original success was published and introduced dental science to the field of research and even convinced the American Dental Association to join forces. In Paffenbarger’s account he stresses the importance of this event to the formation of cooperative research, but in Sweeney’s article he divulges into how their reports â€Å"justify Souder’s prediction that well trained chemists could determine accurately the composition of dental allows. † Sweeney’s emphasis on education and analyses of trade brand materials further opens up to the new field of standardized dental materials. As the interest in dental materials grew the American Dental Association joined the National Bureau of Standards in 1928. One of the main issues discussed by Paffenbarger was the lack of dentists involved in research. The group had physicist, chemists, and many other scientists, but not a dentist. In order to keep the research headed in the direction of dentistry Dr. Paffenbarger was elected chief of the American Dental Association group. The addition of Dr. Paffenbarger to the joined research unit is seen as a turning point in dental research. In his oral account Paffenbarger states how his scientific understanding of the tooth as an organ with no blood supply allowed for researchers to gain interest in dental materials that would enable them to restore tooth function. Multiple times in Paffenbarger’s account he mentions the insistence from his advisors and teachers of the necessity of a dentist at the head of research. This fact is further supported in an article James L. Gutmann, DDS, who states that as the unit’s lead scientist, Dr. Paffenbarger guided research toward unparalleled advancements in developing standards to ensuring that products  perform predictably, safely and effectively. The emergence of American dentistry’s professional image occurred with Paffenbarger at the head of research. In the second chapter of Stine Grumsen’s dissertation on the critical history of American dentistry, she discusses the struggle of authority and recognition by dentists. Unlike most professions â€Å"American dentistry did not evolve from a trade to a professions emancipated from trade, but rather, that business was a prerequisite of professional success. † She agrees it was not until Dr. Paffenbarger was placed at the head of research that the dental professional image emerged. It was through his guidance and teaching that dental research took off correct direction. With Dr. Paffenbarger at the head of research one of their first priorities was to have a list of certified materials. In order to have a certified list the American Dental Association tested for â€Å"specification formulation† to find a average consistency between the groups of cooperative dentists of their measurements and techniques. Paffenbarger and the research unit believe that by standardizing materials and techniques information can be obtained in any laboratory office. To begin this the American Dental Association cooperated with the Dental Materials Group of the International Association for Dental Research, which eventually phased into the American National Standards Institute. Paffenbarger states how this was a unique situation in how the Bureau of Standards allows testing of commercial materials in their facilities. The merging of public and private enterprises to test commercial materials was discussed in Sweeney’s article as an arrangement that â€Å"made for a much broader base of operation and the liaison has proven most profitable to all concerned. † By combining government-based programs with private associations the American Dental Association was able to set up the standards in materials and techniques used and publicize results of research. This is important in the advancement of dentistry because as Paffenbarger discusses, previously dentists were easily swayed by false advertisements made by manufacturers and without any standardize testing of the material they were unsure which product actually worked. As well, results of research were now useful to the general dentist and the public due to the general settings applied to future research. The initial testing of dental materials was actively opposed by manufacturers. In Paffenbarger’s account he discusses how the president of Kerr Dental Manufacturing Company, Robert Kerr, believed that the work at the Bureau was interfering with commercial advances and manufacturers. He claimed the research had only included a few of the dental manufacturers, which was disrupting trade. Dr. Paffenbarger however continues on to state that the standards and specifications that led to the certification programs of dental material was the subject of real objection. Previously, due to lack of standardized research dentists knew little about the materials they were using and were dependent entirely upon the manufacturers’ advertising. Manufacturers wanted the ability to state that their product was the best or denounce that somebody else’s material would meet the specification. This previous control of dental advertising by manufacturers was discussed as an â€Å"erosion of dentists’ exclusive rights to authority on dental care† in Stine Grumsen’s dissertation. Paffenbarger and Grumsen both agree that the lack of dental knowledge by the actual dentists led to the increased funding from the Federal Government and from the Association. It was this control of the manufacturers of the dental field that led to increased financial support of public and private associations to aid in research of dental materials. With full support of the government manufacturers lost the ability to be the ultimate source of information, which actually led to manufacturers wanting to work hand-in-hand with researchers so they could be part of test methods and evaluation systems being involved rather than being left behind. Paffenbarger states how this led to the cooperation of the International Association of Dental Research, which turned into a committee under the American National Standards Institute. In the close involvement of manufacturers and researchers they worked together for the same goals of dental advancement. It was this unity that helped progress forward rather than the constant struggle seen earlier with manufacturers. The success of this program is seen in the domination of the American National Standards Institute as the â€Å"voice of the U. S. standards and conformity assessment system† still seen today. The intimate cooperating of manufacturer and government association led to the growth and successfulness of the American National Standards Institute. Now the institution oversees the â€Å"creation, promulgation and use of thousands of norms and guidelines that directly impact businesses in nearly every sector. † This coming together of different sponsorships was for one main purpose, to transfer information to the dentist and therefore the patients. In order to get information out to practicing dentists Paffenbarger discuses the importance of publishing research work in scientific journals such as Journal of the American Dental Association and Journal of Dental Research which were created beginning 1913. In these publications they included what method should be used by the dentist in handling materials so that â€Å"one would develop the best values for physical and chemical properties in the materials. † Publications of dental journals were not restricted to the standardizing of practices, but also helped regulate fraud. They exposed false advertisements through the publication of the report and results. If a manufacturers advertised new developments researchers take action by testing and publishing their findings in order to keep American dentists away from false information. The importance of the development of scientific journals is agreed upon by many scientists and historians to have a significant influence on the advancement of dental science. In James Gutmann’s 2009 article, â€Å"The evolution of America’s scientific advancements in dentistry in the past 150 years,† he states how publications of journals such as those used by Paffenbarger and his researchers were â€Å"devoted to the advancement and dissemination of knowledge pertaining to the mouth and teeth, and to their relation to the body as whole. † This is further accepted in Alyssa Picards’s book, Making the American Mouth, where anything from reports of new materials to expectation of office behavior was described in the major national journals. She specifically points out how these journals militated â€Å"broader professional engagement† in a time where the idea of professionalism enticed dentists. She even gives the example of professional journals in the 1960s urging dentist to become spokespersons for water fluoridation. Bruce Lee Pihlstrom and Michael Glick (2013) further impress the importance of scientific journals to dental advancements in playing a central role in the communication between dentists and dissemination of new information. Journals allowed dentists to be at the forefront of their field, keeping them up to date as well as their patients. Pihlstrom and Glick show that since the publications of scientific journals life expectancies have risen from 50 to 75, as well as a decline in diseases such as tuberculosis. This positive correlation of better health conditions associated with the publication of journals suggest the information being passed in the journals is used by the readers to better their lives. American Dentistry boomed in the 1920s because of the improvement and consistent reliability of dental materials brought about by research programs at the National Bureau of Standards. Dr. George C.  Paffenbarger gives us an accurate and perceptive account of the symbiotic relationship formed between private and public sponsorships that helped further dental advancements. Through associations such as American Dental Association and the National Bureau of Standards standardizing dental materials and procedures was accomplished. Dr. Paffenbarger was at the forefront of American Dentistry and his account of the advancements of dentistry accurately reflects historian’s data. Annotated Bibliography American National Standards Institute, â€Å"Historical Overview,† 20 January 2013, ansi. org/about_ansi/introduction/history (5 April 2013). This website was used to gain information on the current American National Standards Institute. I was unable to find a secondary source that attested to ANSI and the advancements in the dental field, so instead I used this website to show the continued success of the American National Standards Institute. Grumsen, Stine S. Casting for Good Will: Profession, Trade and Identity in American Dentistry, C. 1910-1950 (Denmark: Department of Culture and Society, 2012), 1-147. In this dissertation by Stine Grumsen she examines the history of American dentistry through the study of advertisements. This article is great because of the correlation between public knowledge of dentistry through the examination of dental advertisements. She suggests that advertisements have increased the struggle of dentists to be recognized as an authority. This article continues into the use of journals to debate false claims made by advertisers that could be tested and publicized. Gutmann, J. L. â€Å"The evolution of America’s scientific advancements in dentistry in the past 150 years,† Journal of the American Dental Association 140 (September 2009): 15. Gutman’s article was useful in that it gave a brief overview of major advances in dentistry during the past 150 years. This article goes into four major events that had a significant effect on bringing science to dentistry, but I only focused on the formation of scientific journals and the role of Dr. Paffenbarger in the dental field advancements. Paffenberger, George C. Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 1-136. In Dr. Paffenbarger’s primary account of the advancement in dental field, he gives the reader an entire overview of his life. This includes how he got involved in the dental field at an early age shadowing his father. His interest in dentistry sparked because of this and he continued to study the science of dental medicine. As an enthusiastic student he went on to become one of the fore runners of research at the American Dental Association. He headed the research of hundreds of experiments, as well as traveled the world to gain more knowledge and to teach all he could. Paffenbarger accounts how the dental field continued to advance due to the involvement of private and public sponsorships such as the government and Associations. He discusses all aspects of the research field in the early 1920s. This includes the dynamic relationship with manufacturers, the use of scientific journals to spread the word of recent research, as well as new organizations formed to further the dental advancements. Picard, A. Making the American Mouth: Dentists and Public Health in the Twentieth Century (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 1-241. In her first chapter Picard divulges into the past and present of the dental field. I used this article for more information from the academic journals. Here she discusses not only the use of journals to inform, but how journals actively sought out dentists to fight for the cause! Pihlstrom, Bruce L, and Michael Glick, â€Å"A century of progress: The Journal of the American Dentistry Association celebrate its centennial. † Journal of the American Dental Association 144 (January 2013): 14. This article was used for the data associated with the Journal of the American Dental Association. Since its founding nearly 100 years ago many health conditions have bettered because of the publications of journals. This is because the journals can inform the doctor and the patient about ways to keep healthy and avoid contamination by bacteria or virus. Sweeney, W. T. â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 7-11. This article divulges into dental research at the National Bureau of Standards. It was initiated in 1919 with the work of dental amalgams. The following year research associates from Weinstein Research Laboratory was added to the NBS staff, which was followed by that of the American Dental Association. Sweeney goes into the importance of the cooperative program with the American Dental Association and its impact on dentistry. [ 1 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 137. [ 2 ]. Ibid, 20. [ 3 ]. Ibid, 16. [ 4 ]. W. T. Sweeney, â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 7. [ 5 ]. Ibid. [ 6 ]. Paffenberger, George C. Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 15. Sweeney, W. T. â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 7-11. [ 7 ]. W. T. Sweeney, â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 8. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 16. [ 8 ]. W. T. Sweeney, â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 8. [ 9 ]. Sweeney, W. T. â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 8. [ 10 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 11. [ 11 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 6, 9, 19. [ 12 ]. James L. Gutmann, â€Å"The evolution of America’s scientific advancements in dentistry in the past 150 years,† Journal of the American Dental Association 140 (September 2009): 10. [ 13 ]. Stine S. Grumsen, Casting for Good Will: Profession, Trade and Identity in American Dentistry, C. 1910-1950 (Denmak: Department of Culture and Society, 2012), 13. [ 14 ]. Ibid, 11. [ 15 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 20-24. [ 16 ]. W. T. Sweeney, â€Å"Dental Research at the National Bureau of Standards-History and Individuals,† National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 354 (June 1972), 8. [ 17 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 24. [ 18 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 32. [ 19 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 32-36. Stine S. Grumsen, Casting for Good Will: Profession, Trade and Identity in American Dentistry, C. 1910-1950 (Denmak: Department of Culture and Society, 2012), 15. [ 20 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 32. [ 21 ]. American National Standards Institute, â€Å"Historical Overview,† 20 January 2013, ansi. org/about_ansi/introduction/history (5 April 2013). [ 22 ]. George C. Paffenberger, Oral History Interview with Dr. George C. Paffenbarger (Maryland: National Bureau of Standards, 1979), 34. [ 23 ]. Ibid, 37. [ 24 ]. James L. Gutmann, â€Å"The evolution of America’s scientific advancements in dentistry in the past 150 years,† Journal of the American Dental Association 140 (September 2009): 11. [ 25 ]. Alyssa Picard, Making the American Mouth: Dentists and Public Health in the Twentieth Century (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 8 [ 26 ]. Bruce L. Pihlstrom and Michael Glick, â€Å"A century of progress: The Journal of the American Dentistry Association celebrate its centennial. † Journal of the American Dental Association 144 (January 2013): 14.